In this essay I intend to compare each opening scene in both movies by focusing on the similarities and differences Example For Students

In this essay I intend to compare each opening scene in both movies by focusing on the similarities and differences The Zeferelli version of Romeo and Juliet was made in the 1960s and is set in Verona. It has the more traditional approach to a Shakespearean text. The film is aimed at existing admirers of Shakespeares work, basically an older target audience. The actors in the film are white and have English accents. It is obvious that the film was set in Elizabethan times because of the costumes and the surroundings. On the other hand Baz Luhrmans version of Romeo and Juliet is aimed at a younger audience. The film is played out so young people can identify with it. An example of this is the way it deals with relationship problems like those of Romeo and Juliet who are trying to persuade their rival families to try and accept their relationship. The style of the film is slick and flashy, set in a modern day California. The actors come from a variety of backgrounds including Hispanic, White and black American ethnicities, no doubt Luhrman chose this mixture to reflect the different ethnicities of modern-day multicultural cities. Luhrman bends the rules by changing Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet from an old classic play aimed at middle-aged people to an all action Hollywood film, which young people can relate to. He uses various camera shots like close ups, freeze frames, inserts and speed editing. The movie soundtrack is also modern with popular artists such as Desree, The Cardigans and Radiohead. The cast has popular young actors including Claire Danes and Leonardo Di Caprio. In contrast to Luhrmans opening, the Zeferelli version begins with the camera moving very slowly. We see a courtyard in the early morning mist. Then the sun rises and starts to shine with credits appearing over it. Slow Elizabethan music is played which introduces a sense of calm and history. I think Zeferelli uses the sun to create themes of anger and passion. Zeferelli uses the sun as a symbol to represent the fight at the market as anger and the passion shared between Romeo and Juliet. The prologue, in the form of a voiceover, is narrated in a very classical English accent and tells us what we are about to see later on in the film. However, at the start of the Luhrman version we see the use of a modern household appliance, a television screen .The prologue is read out by a black female newsreader. This symbolises cultural diversity, which would attract a broader audience. For a moment there is calm until the next shot, which is noisy. Loud opera music played with big white letters flashing up on the screen. The noise represents the ruckus caused by the rival families during the fight. We see various different modern images; helicopters, police chases, distressed and angry faces, newspaper articles reporting on fights, skyscrapers with the names of Capulet and Montague. The prologue is then read again, this time by an American man. He speaks the prologue loudly while words flash up on the screen in big, white letters as he says them. The next scene shows a group of boys in a car, shouting. In a similar style to Zeferelli, Luhrman uses certain types of clothes, music and colour to represent the different qualities of the characters. The Montague boys have body piercing and tattoos, brightly coloured modern clothes and are listening to heavy metal music, all of which were fashionable in the late 1990s when the Luhrman version was made. We may think of the Montagues as jokers because of their bright clothes, yellow, green and pink coloured. .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d , .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d .postImageUrl , .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d , .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d:hover , .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d:visited , .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d:active { border:0!important; } .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d:active , .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u91c7da2555a968aecce58873b1cbbd7d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Foolish Teen Lovers Get What They Deserved! EssayIn the Zeferelli version we see a very crowded and noisy market place. The camera focuses on two rowdy men who are again dressed in bright colours, yellow and red. As the two men are laughing and making jokes about women from a rival family, the Capulets, it is clear that these men are members of the Montague family. The audience may associate the colours which they are wearing with those associated with jokers. Zeferelli uses colour to represent the characters characteristics. Zeferelli creates the effect of a real market place when people walk right in front of the camera. The hustle and bustle of people passing by makes it more authentic. In this version, the Capulets show up they are very different to the Montagues. The audience would notice this in comparison to the clothes that the other people of the market place are wearing. They are dressed in black and gold, symbolising both death and wealth. Soon Tybalt Capulet moves into the picture, the camera moves very slowly from his feet up to his face then we see a close up shot of his face. Close-ups are there to help the audience identify with the characters facial expression. An example of this is the mischievous look that Tybalt has on his face, as if he is going to start a fight with the Montagues. When the eventual fight scene occurs the camera moves very quickly and we lose sight of who is fighting. All we can hear are people shouting and screaming, with a mix a close-ups and medium shots of various parts of the body. The camera creates the effect of complete havoc. This is meant to distress the audience and maximise the chaos. As the prince arrives and the crowd disperses he delivers his ultimatum to the families saying, If ever you disrupt the quiet of our streets again, your lives will pay the forfeit of the peace. Silence is observed by all so you can hear the princes words. This is because the princes speech is a crucial part of the story and his final threat underlines all that happens in the play. The camera makes him out to be strong and powerful, showing low shots of him so that he seems tall and courageous to the audience and therefore indicating his authority and power. In the Luhrman version the fight takes place at a gas station instead of the market places of Zeferellis. Tybalt leads the Capulets. He comes across as fearless and powerful. When the camera shows his boots we associate them with cowboy boots from a western movie. Then this idea is confirmed by Western music playing in the background. The camera moves into a close- up shot of his face. The Capulets seem the most dangerous of the families; they have slicked back hair, wear leather and carry guns. There are various similarities and differences between the two directors versions. Zeferelli stays much closer to Shakespeares classical style using the dusty streets of Verona for the set. On the other hand Luhrmans is a modern version in which he uses images and music from modern pop culture. Both films are similar in the way that they convey the characters personalities in the same way as the original play.

The Tell Tale Heart and the Black Cat Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"Can you non see I have full control of my head? Is it non clear that I am non huffy? I could hear sounds I had neer heard before. I heard sounds from Eden and I heard sounds from snake pit! † This quotation mark from the storyteller of the short narrative. ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ . shows us how the storyteller has wholly lost his senses. believing in the supernatural and the storyteller even tries to carry us that he has the powers of a God. One of the chief subjects in both ‘The Black Cat’ and ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ is unhealthy obsessivity. the objects of which are besides of import symbols in the narratives. For illustration. in ‘The Black Cat’ . the storyteller is unnaturally obsessed with his black cat and its milieus. believing it to be the cause of his ruin and in ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ . the storyteller was foremost obsessed with the old man’s vulture-like oculus and subsequently his crushing bos om. We will write a custom essay sample on The Tell Tale Heart and the Black Cat Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the symbols in ‘The Black Cat’ was Pluto. the favored cat. This symbol relates to the subject because the storyteller of this narrative was unnaturally obsessed with the cat. believing that the cat was responsible for all the bad luck and purportedly supernatural things that were go oning. such as when his house burned down. The storyteller. who was get downing to lose his saneness. was convinced that the cat was out to acquire retaliation on him. â€Å"The cat was a beautiful animate being. of remarkably big size. and wholly black. I named the cat Pluto and it was the pet I liked best. † the storyteller explains. From this. we can state the storyteller loved his favored cat really much. more than his other pets and even more than his married woman. Edgar Allen Poe successfully conveyed the thought that when you love person and they turn against you. it hurts even more. He is proposing to us that the ground why he all of a sudden became barbarous to the cat was because it was intolerable to him that this most loved and sure animal should turn against him. This type of hurting and torment is really common as we tend to ache more if person closest to us should turn against us. The coloring material of the cat was black. which is symbolic because the color black symbolises bad fortune. bad luck and d ecease. which is precisely what the storyteller believes the cat brings. â€Å"It about seemed that the cat had in some cryptic manner caused the house to fire so that it could do me pay for my evil act. so that it could take retaliation on me. † By stating this. the storyteller seems to believe that the cat wants to take some sort of supernatural retaliation on him because the storyteller had killed the cat out of hurting and bitterness. since the cat had turned off from him. The cat’s name is Pluto and he symbolises Pluto. the Roman God of the underworld ; the Christian equivalent being the Satan in snake pit. The basement is a symbol found in â€Å"The Black Cat† . This relates to the subject because the storyteller is obsessed with the cat and everything supernatural go oning around it. Many unusual and supernatural happenings happen down in the basement ; non to advert. that to the storyteller ; the basement is like snake pit because snake pit is below the Earth and the basement is at the underside of the house. â€Å"I jumped from my bed and found that the full house was filled with fire. I thought of the cat as I watched it fire the cat whose dead organic structure I head left hanging in the basement. â €  The storyteller believed that the cat was like the Satan in snake pit. acquiring retaliation on him for his evil Acts of the Apostless with red region: The red region being the fire firing down his house. The cellar symbolized all things supernatural and symbolizes retaliation: â€Å"On the body’s caput. its one oculus filled with fire. its broad unfastened oral cavity the coloring material of blood. sat the cat shouting out its retaliation! † The storyteller murdered his married woman and embedded her in the cellar’s rock walls. non recognizing that the cat was entombed in at that place with her. So when he was certain that the officers wouldn’t happen a thing. the storyteller tapped the rock wall of the basement and all of a sudden a atrocious call came out of the wall. The call belonged to the cat and the storyteller was obsessed and convinced that he was the shade of the first cat coming back for its retaliation. From this. Edgar Allen Poe is seeking to convey the message that by making an evil act. guilt and fright will catch up with you. This is seen in today’s society in many degrees. For illustration. when we do a smaller graduated table â₠¬Ëœwrongdoing’ such as tell a prevarication. guilt and fright will catch up to us. in the same manner as making the large offenses such as slaying. Another symbol in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† was the old man’s vulture-like oculus. This relates to the subject because the storyteller is unnaturally obsessed with the old man’s oculus believing that â€Å"for it was non the old adult male I felt I had to kill ; it was the oculus. his Evil Eye. † The storyteller was afraid of the ‘evil eye’ and was wholly obsessed with it believing that is symbolized all things evil. awful and supernatural. The storyteller believed that the old man’s oculus. â€Å"was like the oculus of a vulture. the oculus of one of those awful birds that watch and wait while an carnal dies† and felt the lone manner to acquire rid of all this evilness was to ‘shut this oculus everlastingly. ’ Therefore the storyteller became haunted with destructing the oculus which he believed symbolized all things atrocious and evil. It is suggested that it was due to the ‘evil eye’ that the storyteller became brainsick because â€Å"due to that oculus. that difficult blue oculus. the blood in my organic structure became similar ice. † This is highly common in mundane society as there is ever something that will rag person and on occasion it will tip them over the border. taking to crazes and mental instability. Another symbol is the continuously beating bosom in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† . This relates to the subject because the storyteller of this narrative was obsessed with the bosom. believing that the bosom of the old adult male with the vulture-like oculus that he murdered was still crushing. and the narrator’s fright of being caught overpowers him. His compulsion and crazes lead to a mental dislocation and a confession to the constabulary. because he thinks that they are playing a game with him. when all along it was merely his ain bosom buffeting: â€Å"It was a speedy. low soft sound. Louder it became. I was certain they heard it! Suddenly I could bear it no more. I pointed at the boards and cried. â€Å"Yes I killed him. But why does his bosom non halt whipping? † This quotation mark from the storyteller indicates that the bosom is a symbol of the narrator’s feelings. While the storyteller believes that it is the old man’s bosom whipping. it is really his ain bosom thumping off. His bosom gets louder and louder as he gets more hysterical. From this. Edgar Allen Poe is seeking to state us that it was the narrator’s compulsion with the old man’s bosom that prevented him from seeing that it was really his ain bosom that was crushing madly. This is really common in today’s society ; many people are blinded from the truth by their compulsions with falsities. â€Å"The old man’s fright must be great so. As the sound grew louder. my choler became greater and more painful. But it was more than choler. In the quiet dark. my choler became fright for the bosom was crushing so aloud that I was certain person must hear. † This quotation mark from the storyteller shows that the storyteller believes that because the old adult male was highly scared. his bosom was thumping loud plenty for him to hear but in existent fact. it was his through his ain fright taking him to kill the old adult male. Both the storytellers from â€Å"The Black Cat† and â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† are unnaturally obsessed with something negative that becomes symbolic of ruin for them. â€Å"The Black Cat† storyteller is unnaturally obsessed with Pluto. the cat. believing that it brought bad luck and â€Å"The Tell T ale Heart† storyteller was unnaturally obsessed with the continuously beating bosom and vulture-like oculus of the old adult male. â€Å"Yes! He was dead! Dead as a rock. His oculus would problem me no more! † These really unhealthy compulsions caused the two narrator’s ruins. their mental impairment and increasing lunacy.

Learn this tips for college students! Get to know how to gain success!

Learn this tips for college students! Get to know how to gain success! Getting accepted by a college is exciting. Even more exciting, and a bit anxiety-producing, is leaving home and entering an entirely new environment an environment that puts a lot more responsibility on your shoulders. You are now responsible for managing all of your basic needs such as meals, laundry, cleaning; you are responsible for managing your time to balance academics, activities, and social life; you are responsible for how you conduct yourself socially; you are responsible for taking initiative when you have needs to be met; and you are responsible for managing your money. The difference between success and failure in college is your ability to develop certain strategies from the day you land on campus, and here they are your college success tips. 1. Go To All Orientation Activities You need to learn how to physically navigate around campus, particularly if it is large. You will also want to begin to get to know some of your fellow students, and to immerse yourself in the diverse population of which you have just become a part. Ask questions, and dont feel dumb about doing so. Engage others in conversation. This is the beginning of one of the most important strategies for success in college - taking initiative and advocating for yourself. 2. Locate all Campus Resources You need to know where to go if and when you need academic help. Most campuses will have learning resource centers that offer assistance and tutoring for coursework in all basic content fields. You need to know where the campus health center is both for physical health needs and for counseling and advice if and when you feel overwhelmed. 3. Find the Campus Career Office You may not need it your first semester, but once you declare a major, you will want to make contact and visit it regularly. There are great advisors who can help you select the right course electives that will enhance your employability, will give you projections on the job market in your field, and so on. Get to know these advisors. The more they see you, the more they will go out of their way to help you. One of the best success strategies for college students is to begin to plan for the future very early on. 4. Start Making Connections with Classmates You will really want to experience the diversity that exists on college campuses. But even more than that, you can begin to form study groups and to know who you can rely on for notes if you have to miss a class. 5. Make Connections with Your Professors and TAs These people have office hours for a reason to meet with and advise students. If you are struggling in a course, or need advice on a paper you are writing, these people are your best resource. And heres another one of the best tips for college success. Professors are human and thus impressed by students who want to do well. This comes in handy when there is leeway in grade giving or when a reference might be needed. 6. Get Yourself Organized And this doesnt just mean getting clothes in closets and drawers and setting up your room or apartment. It means developing a schedule each semester, based upon your class schedule. When will you be in class? What are the blocks of time that you will set aside for study? Where will you fit in extra-curricular activities and your social life? Study each course syllabus and calendar all of the long-range assignments tests, essays, papers, and exams. You need to know what is coming next week, next month, and the month after that. Staying organized is one of the most important tips for success in college. 7. Get Yourself Some Involvement and Some Fun College is a phase of exploration and personal growth as much as it is for an academic program of study. Join as least one campus organization that is a fit for your interests intramural sports, young Republicans or Democrats, student government, sorority or fraternity, international student associations, campus newspaper, drama club there are just so many, you will not have a problem finding one that is a fit. 8. Watch Your Health The best way to stay healthy is to eat and sleep right and to get some physical exercise. Taking some vitamins wont hurt either, particularly if your eating habits are not all that great. If you have a large campus, get a bike; go to the gym and work out; play intramural sports. 9. Get a Budget Theres nothing worse than Ramen noodles for the entire last week of every month. And theres nothing worse than not being able to grab a pizza with some friends because your funds have dried up. Figure out exactly what you have to spend each month (after any required expenses like rent, utilities, car insurance, etc.), divide it by four weeks, and give yourself no leeway. You will be happy that last week of every month when you still have money to spend. 10. Find the Right Environment for Study You have your blocks of study time already established. One of the best study tips for college is to find the right place. For some, the dorm room or apartment bedroom works well, so long as others around them cooperate. For others, there may be too many distractions. If this is you, then consider the library. You know the right environment for your best productivity. Use it.

Markets and Morals- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Markets and Morals- - Essay Example The skeptics argue that there is the welfare of the society cannot be made by charging exorbitant prices during hard times. If there is social welfare to be considered, it should factor in the pain and suffering to the customers who buy those who may buy such high priced products. In their argument, some people cannot afford and hence may opt just to stay and die since the products and services are out of their means. They also argue that free markets are not always free under certain conditions. For instance, when the hurricane hit Florida, the need to have a safe shelter is no longer a freedom of choice. They are under duress to have such kind of products hence unethical to claim that the market is free Drafting soldier implies enlisting them whereby the candidates are chosen on the ground of suitability. On the other hand, hiring means having a lottery where the desired number is selected to join the military services. There are two ways whereby soldiers can be recruited. One is where the soldiers would be picked by the government to serve the public through a lottery system, and the other one is where there is a voluntary choice of joining the army where attractive salary packages. Volunteering, according to utilitarian, will be unjust to the civil obligations which require everyone to serve the nation. On the other hand, it is unjust since it may not be free as some candidates cannot find better engagements owing to the inadequacy of skills. In any effect, it may not produce the best candidates as compared to the coercive process. According to Libertarians, sometimes the economic conditions might not allow one to choose for the army position. The jobs might be so restricted whereby there is no option for free will since one need to have the economic engagement in order to live. Libertarian have objection argues that it should be treated as civil obligation for the citizens have a duty to serve

International accounting standard No.2 (IAS2) inventory Essay

International accounting standard No.2 (IAS2) inventory - Essay Example In the year 1974 during the draft of standard, the name was changed to â€Å"inventories† from â€Å"valuation and presentation of Inventories in the Context of the Historical Cost System† the first draft was affected on 1st of January in the year 1995 and this was 21 years after the first draft exposure. On 18th of December 2003, the standard was revised and took effect as from the strart of January 2005. In the year 2003, there was a revised IAS 2 whereby different cost formulas for inventories were incorporated into the standard. These were superseded from SIC 1 on consistency. On December 1997, SIC 1 was issued and was effective as from 1st January 1999. sic 1 required that that the same cost formula was to be used for inventories with the same characteristics under IAS 2.21 AND IAS 2.23. in that case, different methods may be used where inventory items were different from other groups (International Accounting Standards Board, 2008, p.978). SIC stands for Standing International Committee (SIC), and it was renamed to International Financial Reporting Issues Committee (IFRIC). some of the issues in SIC were not added in IFRIC’s Agenda. This are as follows: The question was whether cash discounts received should be subtracted from the cost of goods purchased. A decision was made in august of the year t 2002 that they should not be added. The reason given by IFRIC was that paragraph 8 of IAS 2 provided enough guidance and thus it was not necessary to publish on the interpretation on the issue. The problem was on how to treat net realizable value when the inventory is consumed as part of the service rendered. A decision was made in the march of 2004 that it should not be added. It was noted that it existed for commercial bodies. It was thus concluded that the matter involved the recoverability of an asset which

Chemistry Essays Essential Fatty Acids

Chemistry Essays Essential Fatty Acids A discussion on the role of essential fatty acids in human health. Introduction: Fatty acids are important components of lipids (fat-soluble components of living cells) in plants, animals, and microorganisms.   Generally, a fatty acid consists of a straight hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl (-COOH) group.   It is the carboxyl group that makes it an acid.   If the carbon-to-carbon bonds are all single, the acid is saturated; if any of the bonds is double or triple, the acid is unsaturated and is more reactive.   The physical properties of fatty acids are determined by chain length, degree of unsaturation, and chain branching. This essay focuses on the role of essential fatty acids, i.e. fatty acids that must normally be present in the diet of certain animals including man.   These acids occur in body structures, especially the different membranes inside and around cells, and cannot be synthesised in the body from other fats.   Essential fatty acids all possess double bonds at the same two positions along their hydrocarbon chain and so can act as precursors of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrines.   Deficiency of essential fatty acids can cause dermatosis, weight loss, irregular oestrus etc.   Table 1 shows the most important natural fatty acids. Acid Number of Carbon Atoms Number of Double Bonds Saturated acids Butyric 4 0 Caproic 6 0 Caprylic 8 0 Capric 10 0 Lauric 12 0 Myristic 14 0 Palmitic 16 0 Stearic 18 0 Arachidic 20 0 Behenic 22 0 Monounsaturated acids Palmitoleic 16 1 Oleic 18 1 Erucic 22 1 Polyunsaturated acids Linoleic (w6) 18 2 a-Linolenic (w3) 18 3 g-Linolenic (w6) 18 3 Arachidonic (w6) 20 4 Eicosapentaenoic (w3) 20 5 Docosahexaenoic (w3) 22 6 Table 1: The most important natural fatty acids. Omega-3 (w3) Omega-6 (w6) fatty acids: The Western Diet There is an absolute requirement for a dietary intake of w3 and w6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), because of their role in constructing cell membranes, and also as precursors for the prostaglandins and other eicosanoids.   In fact, w3 fatty acids are particularly prevalent in the brain, retina, and spermatozoa, in which docosahexanoic acid (see table 1) constitutes approximately 36.4% of total fatty acids.   The two parent compounds, which are considered to be dietary essentials, are linoleic acid (w6) and a-linolenic acid (w3).   These two can undergo chain elongation and further desaturation to yield arachidonic acid (w6) and docosahexaenoic acid (w3) respectively, which are both precursors to two families of prostaglandins.   There is no requirement for a dietary source of the longer chain PUFA, but they are potentially desirable in the diet, since their formation from linoleic or linolenic acids is a rate-limiting step.   So, what is the desirable level of w3 and w6 fatty acid intake and does the western diet meet this level?   Ideally, the body requires a near balanced intake of both w3 and w6 fatty acids since the eicosanoids derived from w3 fatty acids have opposing metabolic properties to those derived from w6 fatty acids.   Omega-3 fatty acids, on the one hand, have anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic, and vasodilatory properties.   For example, they have the ability to make blood thinner by reducing platelet aggregation (this is particularly beneficial in reducing blood clots and stroke).   They also play an important role in the modulation and prevention of human diseases, particularly coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and renal disease, and there is strong evidence that w3 fatty acids are essential for human development from infancy onwards.   On the other hand, w6 fatty acids promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction, as well as increasing blood viscosity and bleeding time. The western diet is far richer in w6 fatty acids than w3.   This is due to the increased intake of w6-rich foods such as cereals, fried foods, baked foods etc.   In fact, in today’s western diet, the ratio of w6 to w3 fatty acids ranges from @20-30:1 instead of the traditional, and optimum, range of 1-2:1.   This means that the eicosanoids produced from the metabolism of w6 fatty acids are formed in greater amounts than those derived from the w3 fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid.   The result is an increase in allergies, inflammation, type 2 diabetes, and the formation of thrombi and atheromas.   This explains why cardiovascular diseases are far more prevalent in the west.   Consequently, people should be encouraged to eat more w3-rich foods (such as cold-water fish, flaxseed, rapeseed etc) in order to make the ratio more even.   Figure 1 shows the relationship between the ratio of w6 to w3 fatty acids in dietary lipids in the Indian diet and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes.   It is clear that, as the ratio of w6 PUFAs to w3 PUFAs increases, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes also increases. Figure 2: Data obtained from Raheja BS, Sadikot SM, Phatak RB, Rao MB. Significance of the n-6/n-3 ratio for insulin action in diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993, 683, 258-7. As far as cardiovascular diseases are concerned, a more even w6 to w3 ratio (i.e. greater w3 fatty acid intake or decreased w6 intake) has been shown to contribute to keeping cholesterol low, stabilising arrhythmia, and keeping blood pressure low. Fatty Acids, Inflammation Autoimmune Diseases Omega-3 PUFAs, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, have been shown to have potent immunomodulatory effects.   Some of the effects of w3 PUFA are induced by modulation of the amount and types of eicosanoids made, and other effects are triggered by alternative mechanisms that do not involve eicosanoids, for example actions upon intracellular signalling pathways, transcription factor activity and gene expression. Eicosapentaenoic acid (w3) competes with arachidonic acid (w6) for the enzymatic metabolism (by cyclooxygenases) that results in prostaglandin formation.   The eicosanoid metabolites of eicosapentaenoic acid produce fewer inflammatory and chemotactic derivatives than the arachidonic acid metabolites.   Therefore, increasing the dietary intake of w3 fatty acids reduces the likelihood of inflammation. Omega-3 fatty acids have also been shown to slow down the production of interleukin 1 (IL-1b) by suppressing the IL-1b mRNA, as well as the Cox2 (cytooxygenase) mRNA that is induced by IL-1b.   Cox2 is overexpressed in colon cancer cells.   Furthermore, research also suggests that a high dose of a-linolenic acid can suppress the formation of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), which is implicated in causing some of the pathological responses that occur in inflammatory conditions.   Hence, it appears that by improving diet management, and ingesting more w3 (as opposed to w6) fatty acids, we could significantly reduce inflammatory disorders and the 40% of cancers that are caused by diet alone.   Managing autoimmune and inflammatory conditions in this way is clearly beneficial since it eliminates many of the side effects associated with the available drug therapies. Fatty Acids and Mental Health Given the fact that around 60% of the brain is composed of fat, it is not surprising that the organ needs w3 fatty acids to function properly.   There is evidence that links mood disorders with low concentrations of w3 fatty acids in the body.   According to certain theories of depression, w3 fatty acids help to regulate mental health problems by improving the ability of the brain’s serotonin (5-HT) receptors to understand mood-related signals from other neurones.   These theories are being investigated further. Conclusion Essential fatty acids have justifiably been linked with a plethora of health issues affecting society at large today.   What is most evident is that, in the western world, we are failing to ensure that we make optimum use of the benefits that w3 fatty acids have to offer.   In order to benefit more, we must take action to balance our intake of w3 and w6 fatty acids.   At present, the balance is tipped too greatly towards w6 fatty acids.   Consequently, heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, depression, inflammatory disorders, cancer etc are on the increase.   That is not to say that w6 fatty acids are totally bad for us: the body requires reasonable amounts for the purposes of vasoconstriction etc.   The ratio of w6/w3 essential fatty acids can be improved by reducing our intake of w6 fatty acids from vegetable oils and increasing our intake of w3 fatty acids from foods such as oily fish, leafy green vegetables, wild game etc. What is clear is that new benefits of w3 fatty acids are being discovered every day.   This is evident from the masses of literature on the subject.   But it is one thing to learn about the benefits of w3 fatty acids and a completely other to use this information effectively.   This is the area that needs to be addressed.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   REFERENCES Journal Articles Referred to in the text: Neuringer M et al., Biochemical functional effects of prenatal and postnatal omega-3 fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys, Proc Natl Acad USA 1986, 83, 4021-5 Connor W.E., Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2000, 71(1), 171-5 Simopoulos A.P, Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1999, 70(3), 560-569 Raheja BS, Sadikot SM, Phatak RB, Rao MB. Significance of the n-6/n-3 ratio for insulin action in diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993, 683, 258-7 Harris WS et al., Effect of fish oil on VLDL triglyceride kinetics in man, J Lipid Res 1990, 31: 1549-58 McLennan PL, Relative effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids on cardiac arrhythmias in rats, Am J Clin Nutr, 1993, 57, 207-12 Charnock, JS, Antiarrhythmic effects of fish oils, World Rev Nutr Diet, 1991, 66: 278-91 Berry EM, Hirsch J., Does dietary linolenic acid influence blood pressure? Am J Clin Nutr, 1986, 44: 336-40 Simopoulos, AP., Omega-3 Fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002, vol 21(6), 495-505 Maes M et al., Fatty acid composition in major depression: decreased omega-3 fractions in cholesteryl esters†¦, J Affect Disord, 1996, 38, 35-46

Common Sense Economics Paper Essay

With the recent developments in the economy there could have not been a better time to pick up this book and read it. I work for a financial institution which had received a good amount of TARP funds. This was followed by media on the company’s allocation of resources for what appears to be a recreational purchase equaling almost the amount of TARP funding. In turn to find out company â€Å"x† had decided that employees will not be receiving a compensation increase this year. After just the first couple of pages I already knew I wanted to dive in to the first part of the book discussing the â€Å"Ten Key Elements of Economics.† This immediately shifted my interest to the first two key elements that: â€Å"Incentives matter† and â€Å"There is no such thing as a free lunch.† There are many thoughts that came to mind while reading along. The incentive for employees was the annual compensation increase. The problem we are facing now is that the labor and productivity supplied are expected to be maintained, while people need to do more with less. As the book explains, it takes time to adjust. However one may argue that the incentive has changed. Now as the economy has shifted and the company has to make budget and staff cuts; the individual incentive has shifted to â€Å"maintaining employment.† Thus there is no longer an increasing financial incentive, with the exception of the existing financial compensation. We must remember that incentives matter, but also that at the same time they can shift based on the factors providing the incentive. The book examines the increase and decrease in gasoline prices. Consumers responded by changing their behavior, consequently shifting incentives. The cutbacks of company â€Å"x† leads right into the element that â€Å"There is no Such Thing as a Free Lunch.† The compensation for the service we provide now is allocated elsewhere. By deciding to stay employed with company â€Å"x† we have employment. Then again if we chose not to remain employed; it will cost us the potential income that could have been earned, so no free lunch. This also makes me consider key element number seven â€Å"People Earn Income by Helping Others.† Nonetheless what happens to the incentive of providing others with valuable goods and services now? With the lack of understanding the shift in incentive I feel the employees will only care about their personal desires. Their interest to improve can result in lower productivity standards, or the search for a new employer. Considering the company standpoint inefficient workers will find other more personally beneficial opportunities. Cited as one of the reasons for reduced product ivity of labor. The employees will provide less valuable service as the company profit will continue to decline. By changing the ways of how the company operates and the rate of compensation it forces employees to focus even more on their self-interest. Now when presented with work, they will find the most efficient way of service. This in turn goes along with economic progress; along with the correct amount of government intervention as discussed in the later part of the book. This can potentially create areas for new employment opportunities, and advancement of the nation as a whole. Any company can bring their numbers back into the black with the correct allocation of the resources and capital. But also with new innovative ways to provide services and goods. With the responsible people in the right positions and the people with a understanding of economic interactions self-interest will lead to a flourishing nation. In conclusion all the above tie into each other as well as the remainder of the book. Unfortunately self-interest with greed and lack of knowledge leads many of us to make imprudent decisions. I knew that incentives matter, but I also understand now that incentives can shift. With the shift in incentives and the self-interest we can grow prosperous. Yet we must understand the interaction and effects of economics as a whole for the small as well as the big picture. The book should be required reading for all that want the privilege of voting. I will be thinking not only of the one side of the economic hand but the other as well, and so should everyone else.