The Definitive Solution for Problem and Solution Essay Samples That You Can Learn About Today

The Definitive Solution for Problem and Solution Essay Samples That You Can Learn About Today Creating an essay isn't a very simple task that demands time, patience, and knowledge. Immigration ought to be encouraged, not prohibited, in order to increase diversity. The cost of an essay is dependent upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. Let's take a quick glance at some of the most fascinating problem solution essay topics for students that will assist you in writing an essay. You have discovered the topic you want, and now you may begin describing it. If you aren't interested in the subject, writing about it is going to look like it takes forever so find something which you like. You just need to ask the proper questions! When you get a strong thesis, the next thing to do is to compose an introduction paragraph. All you will need is a simple topic. Top Problem and Solution Essay Samples Choices In summary, the only long-term remedy to the issue of online crime is greater international cooperation. Always offer you concrete solution and expound to your reader why it's the ideal solution. Your reader ought to know that your solution is not just the best from any other solution. however, it is affordable, feasible etc.. Since the issue is global is scale, the solution also has to be global. You should create a note of the key causes and potential solutions. When you're so focused on the issue, your vibration is on the issue. When you have to make an issue and solution essay, it's important to get a very clear plan to earn good work. Problem solution essay traditionally includes the way of solving any type of problem where the writer attempts to analyze some circumstance or issue, then he or she specifies a particular problem, and it's required to supply some type of solution or even several of them. Problem solution essays are a favorite type of persuasion. An excellent problem solution essay will propose a solution that could be put into place somewhat easily and will, obviously, solve the issue. The Advantages of Problem and Solution Essay Samples If there's absolutely no pain, your son or daughter will answer No. If you are thinking about if you are experiencing symptoms of an anxiety disorder, or whether you are having troubling symptoms of any type, consult a healthcare provider to explore approaches to help yourself. There are a lot of problems, even on your own campus, which should be resolv ed. Another important problem is the development of internet fraud and hacking. There are poor people all over the world. The number of individuals who dwell in poverty is increasing around the world. Increasingly more of us go to tourist hot spots whenever there is a national holiday. The primary problem faced by poorer countries because of the brain-drain, in fields like medicine and education, is they will struggle to come up with and find it troublesome to boost their economy in addition to living conditions. You simply need a couple of problems as remember you don't have a lot of time and you want to spell out the issues. To the majority of disciplines and professions, problem solving is a simple method of thinking. The defined problem should be shown in the introductory paragraph. For example, telling readers they're to blame if they do nothing to address the predicament is a sure-fire means to lose readers. Future results of the problem can be utilized as leverage for the call to action. When you explain the matter, do not neglect to indicate the peculiar causes you wish to convince the reader about. You are able to also use your private experience or the experiences of men and women you know as a descriptive introduction to the issue. Traumatic experiences can literally alter the way that your brain works.

Ludwig Van Beethoven - 1191 Words

Ludwig van Beethoven Beethovens importance lies not only in his work, but also in his life (Tames, 4). Included in my report is proof that Beethoven was one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era. In this proof is a brief description of his life. This will help you understand how he felt when he wrote his music. Also, there will be a description of all his symphonies. On December 16 or 17, 1770, (date uncertain) at 515 (now 20) Bonngasse Bonn, Germany Beethoven, like Mozart, was born into a small family (Comptons, 1). He took his first lessons on March 26, 1778, (Schmit, 10). In 1787, he went to Vienna to study with Mozart, but he went back to Bonn due to the nature of his mothers sickness (Schmit, 15). This would†¦show more content†¦This piece started the bridge between the Classical era and the Romantic era (Thompson, 28). The seventh symphony was written in the summer of 1811, and the start of 1812, and was performed on December 8, 1813, at the University of Vienna (Schmit, 42). This is a smaller piece, and presented a very happy mood reflecting dance like rhythms (Thompson, 33-35). The eighth symphony, named Sinfonia-Linz, was composed during 1812, while at the spas in Bohemia. This was performed on the 27 of February 1814. At first, the eighth received little notice, but then it gradually began to get the fame it deserved (Schmit, 42-44). The ninth Symphony (completed in 1823) was his best and his last symphony. By this time he finally understood his own mind speaking: I carry out my thoughts about with me for a long time...before I set them down...my memory is so faithful to me that I am sure not to forget a theme which I have passed. I make many changes, reject and re-attempt until I am satisfied. Then the working-out begins in my head...It rises, grows upward, and I hear and see the picture as a whole take shape and stand before me as though cast in a single piece, so that all that is left is the work of writing it down (Tames, 25). He performed the ninth at the Kà ¤rntenerthor Theater. When he directed the performance his back was to the audience (Thompson, 41). When the audience went wild, theShow MoreRelatedLudwig Van Beethoven945 Words   |  4 PagesLudwig van Beethoven Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany in 1770 to Johann van Beethoven and his wife, Maria Magdalena. He took his first music lessons from his father, who was tenor in the choir of the archbishop-elector of Cologne. His father was an unstable, yet ambitious man whose excessive drinking, rough temper and anxiety surprisingly did not diminish Beethoven s love for music. He studied and performed with great success, despite becoming the breadwinner of his household by the time heRead More Ludwig Van Beethoven Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pages German composer and pianist, Ludwig van Beethoven, was born December 1770 and spent most of his life in Vienna, Austria. His first teacher was his alcoholic father, who worked as a musician at the Court of Bonn. Teaching him day and night, Ludwig suffered from his fathers harsh and erratic behavior. For a time, he and his father played at the Church. As his fathers alcoholism increased, Ludwig became the main musician. Beethovens talents were discovered at an early age, and he was sentRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven900 Words   |  4 PagesLudwig van Beethoven All throughout music history lived many composers that have impacted not only the societies in which they have lived in, but modern-day society as well. These particular composers have given many societies the chance to listen, feel and express themselves through music and instruments that were invented centuries ago that still remain essential components of music today. One example of a composer that changed the music world drastically was a man by the name of Ludwig van BeethovenRead MoreThe Talent Of Beethoven By Ludwig Van Beethoven1331 Words   |  6 PagesMany of my family members along with some family friends suffer from an extreme lack of hearing just like one of the greatest composers of all time, Ludwig van Beethoven. However, my family members and family friends are not musicians. The talent of Beethoven is very inspiring for not only the deaf, but for other people as well. He created most of his music while suffering from hearing loss which seems to be quite impossible , but somehow he managed to do it. Though his music is without a doubt unbelievablyRead MoreEssay on Ludwig Van Beethoven1148 Words   |  5 Pagesthe people on it as a whole, you see that there are very few influential people whose actions or opinions strongly influence the course of events. Ludwig Van Beethoven, a German musician, is one of those very few. He was an extraordinary musician that lived through hardship and had the horrific fate of deafness, any musician’s worst nightmare. Beethoven left a wall standing in history that captured the art of sounds and worked it beyond imagination into music so fragile and pure yet onerous, unableRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1408 Words   |  6 PagesLudwig van Beethoven When I was 7 years old, my parents signed me up for music school. I did not want to go to music school, but they wanted me just to try. In first class we were just listening classical music and it really sounded boring. But when Beethoven’s fifth symphony came on, I fell in love with classical music and I wanted to study it even more. My sister was also in musical school and she played piano and when I came back from school, I was begging her to play me some of Beethoven’s piecesRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1600 Words   |  7 PagesLudwig van Beethoven is known for much of his musical accomplishments. One of his most famous is that he is deaf and yet one of the best musical composers of the classical and romanic area. Beethoven has always been one of my personal favorite composers. When I grew up and started taking piano, Beethoven s Fur Elise was my first large classical piece. Ever since that point on I insisted that when we were in Germany we see his home, and that we did. In this essay I will be explaining Ludwigs YouthRead MoreThe Rise Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe rise of Ludwig van Beethoven into the ranks of history s greatest composers was paralleled by and in some ways a consequence of his own personal tragedy and despair. Beginning in the late 1790 s, the increasing buzzing and humming in his ears sent Beethoven into a panic, searching for a cure from doctor to doctor. By October 1802 he had written the Heiligenstadt Testament confessing the certainty of his growing deafness, his consequent despair, and suicidal considerations. Yet, despiteRead MoreLudwig van Beethoven Essay952 Words   |  4 Pagesmusic period. Ludwig van Beethoven was one of the composers, along with other greats of the time like Haydn and Mozart, which helped to create a new type of music. This new music had full rich sounds created by the new construction of the symphony orchestra. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in the town of Bonn, Germany on December 16 of 1770. Bonn is located in western Germany on the Rhine River. Beethoven showed an affinity for music at an early age. His father, Johann, taught Ludwig to play theRead MoreMusic: Ludwig Van Beethoven1670 Words   |  7 Pagesexpressiveness music is Ludwig van Beethoven. He was a musical genius whose composed some of the most influential pieces of music ever written. During the Classical period, Beethoven’s compositions were the expression as one of the most powerful musical personalities. Although Beethoven was influenced by most of the famous composers such as Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, etc. but he was also innovated new techniques that will be seen in the next music period. Beethoven built a musical bridge

SoftArc Cloud Computing Report- Free-Samples-Assignmenthelp.com

Question: Describe which Cloud Architectures you would Employ to assist SoftArc Engineering meet the Boards Strategy? Answer: The company should use hybrid cloud architecture in which the company uses a combination of a private cloud at its premises (the Sydney data center) and a public cloud platform provided by a third party service provider, such as AWS (Amazon Web Services) (Claybrook, 2017). The private cloud will entail SoftArc purchasing and configuring its own hardware in the data center using a proprietary architecture. For private cloud, it is recommended that SoftArc utilizes virtualization that will provide true scalability, even if the data center has physical limitations, and still ensure reduced power consumption and use of hardware and software (NetSource, 2016). Further, it is proposed that the whole data center be virtualized and a RAID 5 with stripping and parity is used (Null Lobur, 2006); the storage disks should be SSDs (solid state drives) for greater speeds. This data center will have two backups; an off location backup and a virtual mirror backup, with encryption for data security and redundancy. The public cloud should also have encryption and be linked using the OpenStack software layer, which is compatible with AWS (Ziembicki Fazio, 2011). The hybrid Cloud architecture has several merits, and is particularly suitable for the SoftArc case The hybrid architecture will ensure optimized workloads and greater flexibility which maximizes efficiency while allowing scaling the cloud. The hybrid architecture will allow SoftArc to choose where to put applications, usually where they can run best. It also allows for optimization of billing, ensuring efficient cost management; it enables SoftArc to respond to business needs as necessary by allowing the choice between CAPEX and OPEX (Kennedy, 2017). The hybrid cloud architecture will also allow for stability and availability, aspects necessary for BPC (business process continuity) as applications can be run within the private cloud and the public cloud. However, the hybrid cloud still faces some issues; the company may have to deal with multiple cloud providers where on average, firms run 2 public and 2 private clouds. Billing optimization is another challenger,; despite being a benefit, if not managed properly, it can be a huge challenge. There can be problems with communication between clouds, and the companys total control over its data is reduced in public clouds, potentially creating security challenges (IBM, 2014). Hybrid cloud risk matrix Risk profile Risk Score 1 2 3 4 5 Lack of data redundancy 0.6 Compliance 0.6 Poorly constructed SLAs 1 poor Risk management 0.8 Poor Security management 0.7 The steps to take to ensure security of the hybrid cloud architecture starts with the private cloud; the data center should be encrypted during transfers, on top of having a virtual backup, which is also encrypted. Access to the data center should be controlled strictly, and staff educated on what they can and cannot do when accessing data center resources. A physical firewall along with software firewall should be implemented in the servers. The routers used at the data center should be encrypted to mitigate malicious attacks through these points. For the public cloud; the public cloud can be configured with a VPN configuration (Mateak, 2016). SoftArc must ensure the SLA (service level agreement) signed with the cloud service provider(s) is comprehensive and contains measures for security, data ownership by SoftArc, and expected performance; it should allow SoftArc to test the security measures. Responsibilities and policies must also be defined in the SLA; the provider Hypervisors should particularly be tested by a third party to ensure they do not have vulnerabilities. The APIs should also be secured, and encrypted for safe anywhere access to the public cloud resources (Lukan, 2014). The foundation for ensuring BCP in the hybrid cloud is planning; the inbound and outbound points of connection and the storage have to be well planned. SoftArc must ensure the SLA specifies that the public cloud service provider(s) have alternate backups in different locations so that continuity is achieved even if one of their data centers is down (Knudson, 2013) (Colman-Meixne, Develder, Tornatore, Mukherjee, 2016). As mentioned earlier, SoftArc must ensure the private cloud is backed up in a different location and virtualized; both the private and public cloud must have redundancy implemented using suitable RAID configurations. The private cloud service provider(s) must always replicate their data centers, and this must be specified in the SLA and be tested by SoftArc regularly. The private cloud should also be replicated through virtualization for disaster recovery and BCP; there must be cross hypervisor replication, replication to a public cloud, and seamless application mobili ty coupled with fast migrations. The private cloud should also be replicated to a secured public cloud (Zerto, 2017) The factors SoftArc engineers must consider for remote administration, resource and SLA management include the kind and type of resources to be stored in the public cloud, the billing, and the cloud levels for the cloud (the application and platform level). The people who will administer the cloud services must be considered and the level of access they can have to the cloud services; it must consider whether multiple accounts will be used. The account governance and billing issues must be evaluated; the billing should be optimal as to minimize costs and maximize usage and performance. The team must consider the management of the APIs, the operating system, data access, and network; the API should be evaluated to either be standardized or not. The desired QoS (quality of service) must also guide the considerations for remote administration. The team must consider the available bandwidth and storage provided to them and the number of people that will access the cloud resources, Vis a Vis the security risks (Amazon Web Service, 2013). The access level control the service provider allows must also be considered as are the application resilience and the required backups. In the management of SLAs, the SoftArc engineers and staff must consider the desired security and privacy levels, the desired redundancy, disaster recovery, the response time (performance), and the available bandwidth, further, the access to the service providers online backup assets and non-performance clauses must also be considered in managing the SLA. The requisite certifications must also be considered (Dorion, 2017), (Marinescu, 2013). To migrate the SharePoint instance and SQL server, the important thing is to first plan; determine the scale and size of the data to be migrated for SharePoint and My SQL. After determining this, the SoftArc staff will then need to determine the required resources (servers, the number of users, data volume, and transactions). For the SoftArc case, due to virtualization, it is recommended that the services be consolidated (SQL and SharePoint) to reduce costs and complexity. The SharePoint version to be used must be determined, whether 2013 or the 2016 version). The active directory for the SharePoint and SQL is then determined and set and linked to the cloud service provider (if AWS, for example) and the active directory relationships determined. The SharePoint site is then secured using a DNS; the DNS is then linked to the account of the provider to allow full access. A secure SSL corticated (for Linux) and DRM (for Windows) is established and defined. The AWS templates should be use d during migration (Amazon Web Services, 2017) References Amazon Web Service. (2013). Operational Checklists for AWS. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from Amazon Web Service: https://d0.awsstatic.com/whitepapers/aws-operational-checklists.pdf Amazon Web Services. (2017). Microsoft SQL Server on AWS. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from Amazon Web Services: https://aws.amazon.com/windows/products/sql/ Claybrook, B. (2017). Analyzing today's hybrid cloud architectures. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from Tech target: https://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/tutorial/Analyzing-todays-hybrid-cloud-architectures Colman-Meixne, C., Develder, C., Tornatore, M., Mukherjee, B. (2016). A Survey on Resiliency Techniques in Cloud Computing Infrastructures and Applications. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials , 2244 - 2281. Dorion, P. (2017). There are many service-level agreement management considerations to be aware of when using online data backup services. Read our list before you sign on the dotted line. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from Tech Target: https://searchdatabackup.techtarget.com/tip/Service-level-agreement-management-considerations-when-using-online-data-backup-services IBM. (2014, August 20). Benefits and challenges of hybrid cloud: Use cases for Systems. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from IBM: https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2014/08/benefits-challenges-hybrid-cloud-use-cases-system-z/IBM Kennedy, C. (2017, Apr 20). Advantages and challenges of hybrid cloud adoption. Retrieved may 13, 2017, from Online tech: https://resource.onlinetech.com/advantages-and-challenges-of-hybrid-cloud-adoption/ Knudson, J. (2013, September 16). Hybrid Cloud Disaster Recovery Best Practices . Retrieved May 13, 2017, from Enterprise Networking Planet: https://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/netsysm/hybrid-cloud-disaster-recovery-best-practices.html Lukan, D. (2014, May 21). Building a Secure API in a Cloud Environment. Retrieved may 13, 2017, from Infosec Institute: https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/building-secure-api-cloud-environment/#gref Marinescu, D. (2013, Oct). Cloud Computing: Manage your resources. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from Microsoft Technet: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn456533.aspx Mateak, G. (2016). Ensuring Cloud Security: What You Might Not Know . Retrieved May 13, 2017, from Security Metrics: https://blog.securitymetrics.com/2015/10/ensuring-cloud-security-not-know.html NetSource. (2016, may 19). Virtualized Server vs. Private Cloud vs. Dedicated Cloud Whats the Difference? Retrieved May 13, 2017, from Net Source: https://www.netsource.com/blog/virtualized-server-vs-private-cloud-vs-dedicated-cloud-whats-difference/ Null , L., Lobur, . (2006). The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture. Sudbury: jones bartlett Publishers. Zerto. (2017). Hybrid Cloud. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from Zerto: https://www.zerto.com/solutions/infrastructure/hybrid-cloud-dr-replication-offsite-backup-migrations/ Ziembicki, D., Fazio, A. (2011, May). Cloud Computing: Architecting a Microsoft Private Cloud. Retrieved may 13, 2017, from Microsoft Technet: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh127072.aspx

Voices of freedom paper free essay sample

In chapter, five there are several points. However the biggest points are if the colonists should be independent from Britain, the colonists reaction to the laws and acts made by the British Empire, and the rights of the colonists. These points summarize the contents of chapter five of â€Å"Voices of Freedom† and â€Å"Give Me Liberty†. The articles in voices of freedom that are arguing the primary points the first article is the â€Å"Virginia Resolutions on the Stamp Act (1765)†. This article is about Virginia’s House of Burgesses making resolutions to defend their liberty they decided to approve four of these resolutions and rejected three. The next article is â€Å"New York Workingmen Demand a Voice in the Revolutionary Struggle (1770)†. This article is about how craftsmen have a right to speak there voice for public policy, as well as how ordinary men in new york city challenged how far the merchants should go for this resistance. We will write a custom essay sample on Voices of freedom paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The third article is â€Å"Association of the New York Sons of Liberty (1773)†. This article is about Britain taking advantage of the colonists’ rights and explaining to how their treatment is like slavery. The fourth article is â€Å"Farmington, Connecticut, Resolutions, on the Intolerable Acts (1774)†. This article is about the one thousand residents of Farmington, Connecticut response to the intolerable acts, as well as how liberty was the same cause as gods cause. The fifth article is â€Å"Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776)†. This article is about what was wrong with monarchial rule and used colonists’ experiences as to why they should be independent to the British Empire. The last article is â€Å"James Chalmers, Plain Truth (1776)†. This article is about James Chalmers response to â€Å"Common Sense† and how the colonists would be better off staying loyal to the British, as well as how if they become independent then they will be taken over by another country and be slaves. This chapter is about the American Revolution and the argument about if the colonies should declare independence from the British Empire. There are several good points on both sides as to whether or not be independent from the British Empire. Are the British taking advantages of the rights of the colonist or what they are doing is fair and more beneficial for the colonist to just stay loyal to the British Empire. In Chalmer’s article, he describes how it is foolish to declare independence from Britain, as well as to declare independence is to be put into slavery. He states this when he writes, â€Å"We remember with unfeigned gratitude, the many benefits derived through our connections with Great Britain, by whom but yesterday we were emancipated from slavery and death (Chalmers 100)†. This shows Chalmers belief that even though the colonists were greatly benefitting from the connections with Great Britain they were still somehow enslaved by them. In Paine’s article, he is saying that the colonist should seek independence from Great Britain, as well as the reasons for this. He also is saying that there are some benefits to staying loyal but that Great Britain will take advantage of the colonists and their rights. Paine mentions this when he says, â€Å"we may as well assert that because a child has thrived upon milk, that it is to never have meat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Paine 96). This is saying that like a child and parent that even though a child benefits from the parent the child should eventually move away from the parent and seek its own independence. This is the same for why the colonists should seek independence from its parent country Great Britain. The acts and laws passed by the British Empire caused several negative responses from the colonist. One of these negative responses to an act was the Boson Tea Party in response to the tea act that was passed. In Give Me Liberty the Foner writes, â€Å"a group of colonists disguised as Indians boarded three ships at anchor in Boston Harbor and threw more than 300 chests of tea into the water† (Foner 189). The intolerable acts caused one thousand residents in Farmington, Connecticut to make resolutions in response to these intolerable acts. One of these resolutions to the intolerable acts was â€Å" That the late Act which their malice hath caused to be passed in parliament, for blocking up the port of Boston, is unjust, illegal and oppressive; and that we and every American are sharers in the insults offered to the town of Boston†(Force 92). This is showing that the British blocking up Boston harbor is unfair illegal and oppressing the colonists and that by doing this Britain has not only insulted Boston but the all of America as well. The sons of liberty as well had a negative response to the laws and acts that were passed and thought of it as enslavement. The sons of liberty wrote this in their article, â€Å"to unite with their fellow citizens, to testify their abhorrence to the diabolical project of enslaving America† (Niles 87). This is saying that it is time to unite and state what they think of the laws and acts and stop to what they believe is enslavement by the British Empire. Not only that but as well a call to action for colonists who also believed this. These are some of the negatives responses to the acts and laws passed by the British Empire The rights of the colonists are mentioned all throughout the chapter. The British Empire passed several laws and acts to what they thought were only fair since they believed the colonies as a way to enrich the British Empire. Foner says this when he writes; â€Å"Britain reverted in the mid-1760s to seeing them as subordinates whose main role was to enrich the mother country† (Foner 179). This shows how the British viewed the colonists as well as why they thought that any law or act that they passed would be fine with the colonists since they were only thought of as a way to improve the British Empire. The British Empire also made it known to the colonists that they have the right to pass any tax on the colonists that they want. Which many colonists believed this was British Empire stamping on their rights and their liberty. Brutus says this when he writes, â€Å"Has not our Mother Country, by solemn Act of Legislation, declared that she has a right to impose internal Taxes on us? And is not such an imposition incompatible with our Liberty† (Brutus 86). This is describing how Brutus thinks of how Great Britain taxes are in itself going against the liberty of the colonists as well as how great Britain can place any tax that they please by there right no mater who’s rights it takes away. The House of Burgesses made resolutions in response to the stamp act because they wanted to do everything in their power to protect the liberty of the colonists. In this article the House of Burgesses shows this when it says, â€Å"to vest such power in any other person or persons whatever than the General Assembly aforesaid, is illegal, unconstitutional, and has a manifest tendency to destroy British as well as American liberty† (Kennedy 84). This is saying that to give anyone such power is the bases for destroying both American and British liberties and should only be given to the General Assembly. Those are just some of the liberties that both sides said to have the right to. Chapter five has shown several points that are good for both sides. . These main points were if the colonists should achieve independence from their mother country Great Britain, the rights and liberties of the colonist and British Empire, and the colonists reaction to the laws and acts that were passed by Great Britain. As well chapter five has shown the primary point in the articles by Chalmers and Paine on weather to be independent from Britain, the reactions of the colonists from the sons of liberty and the one thousand residents of Farmington, Connecticut, and the rights and liberties of the colonists from Brutus and House of Burgesses. That is what chapter five of â€Å"Voices of Freedom† and â€Å"Give Me Liberty† is about.

The Nature of Government essays

The Nature of Government essays John Locke, an influential early liberal English philosopher, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a brilliant political theorist and one of the main figures of the enlightenment, have a considerable importance in political thought, for which they are best known. The Second Treatise of Government by John Locke places sovereignty into the hands of people. Locke imagined an original state of nature in which individuals rely upon their own strength. His argument is that people are equal and invested with natural rights in a state of nature in which they live free from inside and outside rule. The state of nature has a base on the law of everyone being equal and independent. However, though this be a state of liberty, yet it is not a state of license. Therefore, no one ought to harm one another in his life, health, liberty or possessions. Nobody has the right to treat human beings as instruments to their own satisfaction or even have power over another human being; everyone is free and enjoy the gain from their own work. If someone violates the natural law, he is considered as an aggressor and every man has the right to make the aggressor pay for his aggression. On Lockes view, all rights begin in the individual property interest created by an investment of labor. So, common property could be turned into private property if one mixes ones physical labor with it. However, the enjoyment of the property ... in this state is very unsafe, very unsecure. Locke believes that people will understand that in order to protect themselves and their property, they must come together into some sort of body politic and agree to certain standards of behavior. Although each individual in the state of nature has the right to enforce the natural law in defense of property interests, the formation of a civil society requires that all individuals voluntarily surrender this right to the community at large. ...

Geography of Pakistans Provinces and Capital Territory

Geography of Pakistan's Provinces and Capital Territory Pakistan is a country located in the Middle East near the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. The country is known as having the sixth largest population in the world and the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia, is a developing nation with an underdeveloped economy and it has a hot desert climate combined with cold mountainous areas. Most recently, Pakistan has experienced severe flooding that has displaced millions and destroyed a large part of its infrastructure. The country of Pakistan is divided into four provinces and one capital territory for local administration (as well as several federally administered tribal areas). The following is a list of Pakistans provinces and territory, arranged by land area. For reference, population and capital cities have also been included. Capital Territory 1) Islamabad Capital Territory Land Area: 906 sq kmPopulation: 805,235Capital: Islamabad Provinces 1) Balochistan Land Area: 347,190 sq kmPopulation: 6,565,885Capital: Quetta 2) Punjab Land Area: 205,345 sq kmPopulation: 73,621,290Capital: Lahore 3) Sindh Land Area: 140,914 sq kmPopulation: 30,439,893Capital: Karachi 4) Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Land Area: 74,521 sq kmPopulation: 17,743,645Capital: Peshawar Sources Central Intelligence Agency. (19 August 2010). CIA - The World Factbook - Pakistan. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html Wikipedia.org. (14 August 2010). Administrative Units of Pakistan - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan

Chipotle in Morocco Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Chipotle in Morocco - Research Paper Example The company will to borrow best practice of Mexican grills in US, Canada, France and England which have had longstanding performance and reputation. It is a demand for chipotle dishes that will be determined by the level of advertising and the quality of the service compared to its sale price. The government of Mexico, US and Morocco are in good working relationship hence no trade barriers will be expected to challenge the entry process. The brand should move to the coastal towns in northern morocco like Casablanca which have big clientele and bargaining power. This will raise the income streams and quickly move the breakeven sales to a shorter duration than was expected. The company should not overlook the role and impact of other competitors as they may be misjudged and consequently the firm closes shop due to myopic marketing intelligence. The concept of chipotle emanates from  chilpoctli  word  which is a  smoke-dried  jalapeà ±o referring to "smoked chili pepper". The chili  is principally  Mexican  going alongside other Mexican-inspired cuisines like Tex-Mex and Mexican-American (Anderson 123). Jalapeà ±o in  Mexico is also referred as the  gordo and  cuaresmeà ±o. Until lately, chipotles were mainly found in the central and southern Mexican markets. These Mexican foods became more admired abroad, particularly in North America, production and processing of jalapeà ±o started to extend to northern Mexico to supply the southwestern United States, and ultimately processing took place in the United States (US) and other countries like Morocco and Morocco. The purpose of this study is to find out whether it is economically viable to establish a Chipotle franchise in Morocco. These involves finding out the situational or feasibility studies of the host country, strengths and weaknesses of the co mpany and suitability of the culinary supplier to customers in Morocco. 3 The ordinary chipotle restaurant is known for

Theory on selected topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Theory on selected topics - Essay Example These products are usually categorized according to their characteristics of market growth rate and market share. A typical BCG matrix is shown in the figure below: As we all know that McDonald’s Corporation is made up of world-wide business, such as McDonald’s USA, McDonald’s Europe, McDonald’s Asia and McDonald’s America. We are going to use the lens of BCG matrix to determine the position of each of these businesses in a BCG matrix for McDonald’s Corporation. (QuickMBA, 2009) STARS: Stars are those products that have a large market share in a rapidly growing industry. In simple words, these are successful products that need continuous investment to maintain their dominating position in the market. According to the statistics given in McDonald’s Corporation’s annual report, McDonald’s USA is a star. It has a high market share in the market which is booming rapidly. However, due to increased competition in the market, McDonald’s Corporation should invest in McDonald’s USA heavily, so that they do not lose out market share to other competitors like Burger King or KFC. (Daft, 1997). A question-mark is a business that has low-market share in the rapidly growing industry. In order to increase the market share, the business will need more and more resources. However, it is not guaranteed that the business has enough potential to become a start. In the case of McDonald’s corporation, McDonald’s Europe falls under the category of a BCG Matrix â€Å"Question Mark†. McDonald’s Europe has found it tough to break into the food industry which is already congested with various firms in the industry. The culture diversification in the different parts of Europe has also resulted in low-demands and cash returns for McDonald’s Europe, making it a question mark. The only way to cure the problem is that McDonald should carry out a market research to find out what people

Assignment Internal Cash Control Essay Example for Free

Assignment Internal Cash Control Essay The weaknesses in the internal control over cash disbursements are, there should be only one person in charge of writing the checks for each task, and there should be numbered checks for both people so that the funds spend can be tracked easier, the cabinets were the checks are stored should be two locked cabinets, one for each person who writes the checks. Memo: I would recommend that to have a better control over money paid and items purchased, that you start having numbered checks in two separate accounts, one account for the treasurer and one account for the purchasing agent. This method will make it easier for moth parties to avoid mistakes, and it will also be easier to verify money spent and received. P4-1A The internal control principles implemented by the Guard Dog Company are, numbered checks so that the company has a number trail to monitor cash dispersment. Each check must have approval from Jane Bell, and Dennis Kurt before a check can be issued, this is an establishment of responsibility to ensure that not just anyone ion the company can write checks. Checks must be signed by either Tom Kimball, the treasurer, or Karen Thews, the assistant treasurer. Before signing a check, the signer is expected to compare the amounts of the check with the amounts on the invoice, this is also a form of establishment of responsibility and both of these procedures are a use of documentation procedures. After signing a check, the signer stamps the invoice â€Å"paid† and inserts within the stamp, the date, check number, and amount of the check. The â€Å"paid† invoice is then sent to the accounting department for recording. By doing this it is a way of verifying company cash dispersment and documentation control. Blank checks are stored in a safe in the treasurer’s office. The combination to the safe is known by only the treasurer and assistant treasurer. By locking the checks in a safe it establishes responsibility for the checks, and uses a Physical, mechanical, and electronic controls to narrow down any check problems to one source. Each month the bank statement is reconciled with the bank balance per books by the assistant chief accountant. By doing this it establishes document control, this way any discrepancies in the amount paid can be verified. Indicate the weaknesses in internal accounting control in the handling of collections. The weaknesses in the handling of collections are the way the money is deposited, the way the checks are made out and the way the money is verified and deposited. P4-2A List the improvements in internal control procedures that you plan to make at the next meeting of the audit team for (1) the ushers, (2) the head usher, (3) the financial secretary, and (4) the finance committee. The improvements the ushers need to make is that after each offering they should individually count their own collected baskets and log there amount in an offering log book, so that there is less room for error in the next step. By handing all the baskets to the head usher without counting the money themselves, the head usher can offer any amount on his final deposit. The improvements the head usher needs to make is to make sure that each usher counts their baskets, and that the head usher counts all the baskets and checks for discrepancies to make sure that no one is pocketing any money. The head usher should also check the amount given to him/her against what is written in the offering log. Have a book to log the amount of money that is put into the safe so that it is logged in a way that can be verified by the committee, a note is not a safe method because it can be thrown out, by logging in a book it is easier to find were the discrepancies came from. The improvements the financial secretary should make is that he/she should have a list of what needs to be paid and make a log of the amounts that need paid and to make sure the receipts are logged along with whatever bills or services that needed to be paid that week. The financial secretary should also verify the amount of money in the safe against the log that is kept by the ushers. The financial committee should show a more detailed list of what expenditures are needed each month so that the financial secretary knows what is needed for payment that month. They should also be involved in verifying the churches income. To improve internal control the church should have a log for money received during offerings, they should tell the congregation to make the checks payable to the church or to the account holder that the checks are deposited into, because anyone can cash a check made out to â€Å"cash†. The church should also verify that any money not deposited from the offering was spent properly and not used for personal things. Include how a company could use the five basic principles of cash management to increase accuracy for a business. A company can increase the collection of receivables by offering incentives for quick payment from their customers. A company can delay the payment of liabilities and bills to close to the due date of the liability or bill, so that if any expenditure is needed before the due date they will not have spent the money too early. A company can keep inventory low on the merchandise that does not sell quickly, so that the company has money for the merchandise that is popular and selling fast. A company that wish to expand should wait until they have excess money in a slow season so that they can expand their business and have new locations open in time for their busy season. A company should invest money that is sitting idle into low risk companies’, the most common form of liquid investments is interest-paying U. S. government securities.

College Application Essay :: essays research papers

I am not a Martin Luther King, devoted to a movement, or a Christopher Columbus, devoted to a quest, or a Leonardo di Vinci, devoted to an image. Yet everyone needs some devotion in his life. I am a musician, a daughter, a Christian, a traveler, a sister, a friend, an animal lover, a writer, and many things besides. The biggest dilemma for me is finding ways to fuse these different parts of myself into a recognizable person. I would need several lifetimes to pursue all of my dreams individually, so they must become one dream, one working vessel of passion. So how can I mix my zeal for music, for example, with my need to write? They are one in the same for me, really, both means of ardent expression of sadness or anger or joy. The experience that brought about the conception of my understanding is starkly fixed in my memory. I was at a concert featuring one of Schubert’s Suites for String Quartet and my lack of familiarity with the work only served to heighten my already bursting excitement. They were late getting started and the audience around me fidgeted and chattered. I ignored them, sitting still in my seat, tense with anticipation. Finally the lights dimmed and a pregnant silence took hold. Despite my expectancy I was unprepared for the sudden eruption of applause like a bomb detonating in the hall as the four black figures strode onto the stage. Reminding me of Virginia Woolf’s description in The String Quartet, the performers â€Å"seated themselves facing the white squares under the downpour of light, rested the tips of their bows on the music stand, [and] with a simultaneous movement lifted them.† I leaned forward on my seat, straining to hear the first note even befo re it sounded. With an almost telepathic communication from the first violin, it began. From that moment I was lost. The audience, the musicians, even the music itself was forgotten, swept away by the surge of emotions that engulfed me. As I listened, or rather encountered the exquisite performance, for it was more intimate than listening, I realized with more force than ever before, that this was what I wanted to do. I wanted to make people feel like this when I sang.

The Far Horizon convention centre

1.0  Ã‚  Ã‚   IntroductionThe 4 Ps of marketing are in more than one way interdependent. They together help customers in making purchase decisions. If planned properly, 4Ps can also help companies identify the right segment of customers.A product must satisfy a consumer’s need. It comes with a cost. Production costs must be kept in check and at the same time quality should not be compromised on. A brand must keep its consumer’s interest in mind always.Price is next. Price escalation takes place when a product moves through the distribution channel.   A manufacturer's selling price becomes a distributor's cost price. This hurts dealers who end up paying more to the distributor. Ultimately, this affects competition and sales. This escalation in prices forces many consumers to look elsewhere. There are many strategies employed by companies to beat competition. There are some who find it hard to offer at reduced price because of brand. There are others who reduce their price in the face of stiff competition. Then there are those who, while retaining their image, launch products that are branded but service a different segment of demographic. Thus, price plays an important role in a consumer’s behaviour.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Place can also determine price. Factors like who the final consumer will be and what he or she looks for must be considered. Where does a consumer look for in a convention centre? Are the major needs of the client met by the infrastructure available? Distance is also considered to be an issue that determines choice. No client would think of going beyond his/her convenience to book a hall. Distances also determine transportation costs, which could cause price escalation for the client. Distribution gets affected, and time and money is lost. So, choice of place is also important.Promotion relates to publicity. Promotion can take many forms: advertising in various media, events, press releases, trade shows, brochures, flyers, internet and so on. This is where a company focuses on projecting itself and its product. Promotion creates awareness, the first step to sales.Thus, branding and 4Ps play a vital role in consumer buying rationale (Volker.M, 1998).2 .0  Ã‚  Ã‚   AnalysisIn any business the marketing environment, production costs, logistics, distributor/dealer margin and the manufacturer’s margin are considered before a product is priced to the consumer. All these are directly influenced by the 4 Ps of marketing.   Far Horizon, a well structured organisation is in the process of expanding its activities to incorporate a convention hall that can accommodate 850 people in a single sitting; a first of its kind in that community.Far Horizon already has a full-fledged catering wing that is operational and serves breakfast, lunch and dinner to the local inhabitants. The idea of the proprietorship organisation is to project Far Horizon as a one-stop solution for any activity like weddings, business meetings, conferences, trade shows and so on. Once the convention centre becomes fully operational, it will enjoy complete ascendancy in business against a rather tame competition. However, there are factors that can determine the success of a business in any environment; the factor of the 4 Ps.Product StrategyIdentify three factors that influence product strategy decisions: Size, Facilities, and Availability. The size of the convention centre will be bigger than any existing hall available in the community, and can cater to any kind of programme. The availability of a full-fledged restaurant and bar makes food and beverage ordering convenient, without requiring external catering services. The hall is large enough to accommodate any number of people in one sitting and its availability round the year will make it a very attractive proposition to time-conscious customers.Place StrategyIdentify three factors that influence place strategy decisions: Proximity, Location, and Connectivity. Far Horizon is located close to the airport and is thus a little far from the commercial hub of the community. However, because of its existing restaurant and bar, it has its share of regular customers, for whom distance may not be an issue. The idea to tie-up with the local transport authorities may be short-sighted, but customers who require larger halls with more facilities will be inclined to travel a little more to minimize responsibilities.Promotion StrategyIdentify three factors that influence promotion strategy decisions: Word-of-mouth communication, events and media presentations. Far Horizon will get that distinct advantage that its competitors lacked from their regular customers. Customer’s feedback is a sound way to project an organisation for its products or service. How many times have one seen friends influence the buying behaviour of others. The same principle applies in this case too. Events taking place at such venues as Far Horizon will attract immediate attention, because it is located close to the airport for one, and because many people visit this place for refreshments or drinks frequently. Media advertisements are very convenient to attract those people who have never venture d to Far Horizon previously. The sparsely populated community will get to know a lot more through media coverage.Pricing StrategyIdentify three factors that influence pricing strategy decisions: Logistics, Quality and Quantity. Far Horizon will beat competition through its sheer size and facilities. None of its competitors come close enough to even challenge it for its facilities. Because it is close to the airport, the convention centre can attract outsiders to it instantly. The price for organizing shows, events, weddings, conferences are minimized because of its volume of intake. The logic behind such a move to make a big hall is to minimize prices through volume sales. Catering costs will come down drastically as well, and so too would the cost of beverages. Far Horizon will be able to capitalise on the service of space, food and beverages. The client will benefit immensely; enjoy better facilities at lower costs and maintenance.3.0  Ã‚  Ã‚   ReferenceVolker.M, Business basics for Engineers, Marketing & 4Ps of Marketing, www.sfu.ca, Referenced on 09.05.2007

Costing Methods Pape Essay

Write a paper of no more than 700 words addressing the following questions:  · What strategies did the management of Super Bakery, Inc. use?  · Why did Super Bakery’s management think it was necessary to install an ABC system? Do you agree with their reasoning? If you disagree, identify your recommended costing system, including your rationale, to management.  · Would a job order cost system or a process order cost system work for Super Bakery. Why or why not? Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. College is too important not to give it your all, no matter what you face throughout your collegiate career. Hopefully, this article has given you some very useful advice that will help make college life easier for you and getting to that all important graduation day with confidence a little less challenging. In this document ACC 561 Assignment Week 4 Costing Methods Paper there is a review of the following parts: Strategy ABC Installation Cost System Conclusion Business – Accounting Resource: Accounting Read BYP17-5, titled Communication Activity, in the Ch. 17 â€Å"Broadening Your Perspective† section of Accounting . Write a paper of no more than 700 words addressing the following questions:  · What strategies did the management of Super Bakery, Inc. use?  · Why did Super Bakery’s management think it was necessary to install an ABC system? Do you agree with their reasoning? If you disagree, identify your recommended costing system, including your rationale, to management. To get more course tutorials visit – https://bitly.com/12Binkm College is something that you want to make sure that you’re ready for as much as possible. While you have to live into much of it, there are many things you have to do ahead of time in order to make sure you’re successful. Make sure you continue reading in order to find out the information you need. Business – Accounting

Industrialization Example

Industrialization Example Industrialization – Coursework Example Industrialization Shortly after the civil war, increases in industrial productions marked this duration. These changes were catalyzed by technological innovations and business innovations as well. The development of railway roads, introduction of new corporate practices and resistance of governmental regulations fueled industrialization. From these changes, corporations had to seek larger workforce as their pull factor as farm migrants, immigrants or even the southern blacks. These workers were subjected to division depending on their race, skill ethnicity and education. These were among the reasons and plights that led to the formation of workers’ union to protect the employees as industrialization intensified. Competition played a major role as every entity wished to kick their competitor out of business to dominate in industrialization at all cost. Availability of raw material such as that used to manufacture steel also had a room to modify this era, those who had the labor force to handle it caused further industrialization while making names for themselves to prove stronger against their rivals. Other factors that lead to rapid growth of industries after the civil war includes; better technology and specialized production, which was boosted by the skilled labor in response to the specified market demands, and the newly created collection of consumers (Boyer 58). New methods of marketing and advertising were attributed to creation of consumer goods’ markets while the use of trademarks, guarantees and brand names were the main indicators. Although unskilled workers were exposed to harm, labor-saving machines were the other lead to industrialization. In conclusion, industrialization was boosted by the spirit of adventure, competition and availability of cheap resources besides the numerous discoveries. Work CitedBoyer, Paul S..  The enduring vision: a history of the American people. 5th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. Print.

American Settler Colonialism - Definition

American Settler Colonialism - Definition The term colonialism is possibly one of the most confusing, if not contested, concepts in American history and international relations theory. Most Americans would likely be hard-pressed to define it beyond the colonial period of US history when early European immigrants established their colonies in the New World. The assumption is that since the founding of the United States everybody who is born within the national boundaries is considered American citizens with equal rights, whether or not they consent to such citizenship. In this regard, the United States is normalized as the dominant power to which all its citizens, indigenous and non-indigenous alike, are subject. Although in theory a democracy of the people, by the people, and for the people, the nations actual history of imperialism betrays its democratic principles. This is the history of American colonialism. Two Kinds of Colonialism Colonialism as a concept has its roots in European expansionism and the founding of the so-called New World. The British, French, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, and other European powers established colonies in new places they discovered from which to facilitate trade and extract resources, in what can be thought of as the earliest stages of what we now call globalization. The mother country (known as the metropole) would come to dominate indigenous populations through their colonial governments, even when the indigenous population remained in the majority for the duration of colonial control. The most obvious examples are in Africa, such as the Dutch control over South Africa and French control over Algeria, and in Asia and the Pacific Rim, such as British control over India and Fiji and French domination over Tahiti. Beginning in the 1940s the world saw a wave of decolonization in many of Europes colonies as indigenous populations fought wars of resistance against colonial domination. Mahatma Gandhi would come to be recognized as one of the worlds greatest heroes for leading Indias fight against the British. Likewise, Nelson Mandela is today celebrated as a freedom fighter for South Africa where he was once considered a terrorist. In these instances European governments were forced to pack up and go home, relinquishing control to the indigenous population. But there were some places where colonial invasion decimated indigenous populations through foreign disease and military domination to the point where if the indigenous population survived at all, it became the minority while the settler population became the majority. The best examples of this are in North and South America, the Caribbean islands, New Zealand, Australia and even Israel. In these cases scholars have recently applied the term settler colonialism. Settler Colonialism Defined Settler colonialism has best been defined as more of an imposed structure than an historical event. This structure is characterized by relationships of domination and subjugation that become woven throughout the fabric of society, and even becomes disguised as paternalistic benevolence. The objective of settler colonialism is always the acquisition of indigenous territories and resources, which means the native must be eliminated. This can be accomplished in overt ways including biological warfare and military domination but also in more subtle ways; for example, through national policies of assimilation. As scholar Patrick Wolfe has argued, the logic of settler colonialism is that it destroys in order to replace. Assimilation involves the systematic stripping away of indigenous culture and replacing it with that of the dominant culture. One of the ways it does this in the United States is through racialization. Racialization is the process of measuring indigenous ethnicity in terms of blood degree; when indigenous people intermarry with non-indigenous people they are said to lower their indigenous (Indian or Native Hawaiian) blood quantum. According to this logic, when enough intermarriage has occurred there will be no more natives within a given lineage. It does not take into account personal identity based on cultural affiliation or other markers of cultural competence or involvement. Other ways United States carried out its assimilation policy included the allotment of Indian lands, forced enrollment in Indian boarding schools, termination and relocation programs, the bestowal of American citizenship, and Christianization. Narratives of Benevolence It can be said that a narrative based on the benevolence of the nation guides policy decisions once domination has been established in the settler colonial state. This is evident in many of the legal doctrines at the foundation of federal Indian law in the US. Primary among those doctrines is the doctrine of Christian discovery. The doctrine of discovery (a good example of benevolent paternalism) was first articulated by Supreme Court Justice John Marshall in Johnson v. McIntosh (1823), in which he opined that Indians had no right to title on their own lands in part because the new European immigrants bestow[ed] on them civilization and Christianity. Likewise, the trust doctrine presumes that the United States, as the trustee over Indian lands and resources, will always act with the best interests of Indians in mind. Two centuries of massive Indian land expropriations by the US and other abuses, however, betrays this idea. References Getches, David H., Charles F. Wilkinson and Robert A. Williams, Jr. Cases and Materials on Federal Indian Law, Fifth Edition. St. Paul: Thompson West Publishers, 2005.Wilkins, David and K. Tsianina Lomawaima. Uneven Ground: American Indian Sovereignty and Federal Indian Law. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.Wolfe, Patrick. Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native. Journal of Genocide Research, December 2006, pp. 387-409.

The Confessions of Saint Augustine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Confessions of Saint Augustine - Essay Example Saint Augustine’s memories of his indulgence in carnal pleasures and the adolescent pranks of stealing some pears, prompts him to probe the motives behind these sinful acts. In his search for truth, Saint Augustine relates that it was the Manichean explanation of a dualistic universe where good battled evil and their denial of the existence of a single all-powerful God that first attracted him towards their philosophy. His reasoning is that if God is good and He is all powerful, then how can He allow evil to exist? However, when even the Manichean doctrine could not quell his doubts, he turned to the Neo-Platonist philosophy where evil was explained not as a positive reality but as a lack of goodness. The Platonist philosophy taught him to think of spiritual reality and so conceive of God in non-dualistic terms. He finds in Platonism a way to reconcile his pursuit of philosophy with his faith in the Catholic Church. Their theory that God remains eternal and is the creator of a ll things, and all creation finally return to God strikes a chord. However, he was still unhappy because the Platonists liberated him from his erroneous thinking but even they could not help his lack of self-control which was to him very worrisome. He also complains that Platonism does not give praise to God. He was however inspired to turn inwards as the Platonists advised, to have a powerful vision of God. He tried to visualize God but failed to understand how something could exist without occupying space. He also did not find a solution to his question about evil. For a while, he suspected that evil could be the result of human will, but again wondered if God was all-powerful, how humans could choose evil over Him. It was when he read certain books of the Platonists that were translated from Greek to Latin, that he was inspired to have a powerful vision of God.  

David Cole Interviews Dr. Franciscek Piper Term Paper

David Cole Interviews Dr. Franciscek Piper - Term Paper Example According to Cole’s interview with Alicia, the tour guide, the gas chamber was in its original state. However, Dr. Piper contradicts this claim by stating that there were reconstructions made in the original gas chamber, which was later converted to air raid shelters. Another confusing information presented by Cole was about the use of Zyklon B. According to Dr. Piper, the traces of Zyklon B differed from those in the gas chamber and the disinfection chamber due to the difference in the number of hours both chambers were being used. At the end of the interview, Cole still did not come up with a conclusive view of the reality of the gas chamber in Auschwitz. The interview just leaves his audience with more questions. One was not enlightened on what is real and what is not. The history that we know is also based mostly on eyewitness accounts without much written documentation. One thinks that Cole failed in giving the documentation needed to debunk the Holocaust. A visit at the Auschwitz camp and interview with is Director was simply not enough to persuade the audience about Cole’s belief that everything was a

Macroeconomic Convergence, Development And Growth Essay

Macroeconomic Convergence, Development And Growth - Essay Example The convergence process is dependent on a large number of factors such as the population growth, speed of capital formation and the presence of efficient economic policies as well as appropriate financial institutions. Along with this the accumulation of human and physical capital are important as it significantly influences the savings and rate of investment (Halmai & Vasary, 2009, p.3). Technological spread, change in growth rate and total productivity of the factors are the major players in enhancing the rate of convergence (Halmai & Vasary, 2009, p.3). As per professor Jeffrey Sachs, countries following closed economic polies have not been successful in converging. The countries following closed economic policies had a growth rate of 2% whereas the countries following open economic policies have a growth rate of 4.5 %. As sited by many economists, endogenous rather than the exogenous factors triggers the growth of an economy (Alfaro et al, 2005). The Asian tigers such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea have been successful in converging with the developed countries. An economy is said to have achieved economic growth, if it is able to produce more goods and services than what it used to produce initially. Economic growth is often related with technological progress. If an economy has achieved growth than the standard of living of its citizens also improves. In US, the economic growth occurred with the introduction of high technology in the country. Financial development also follows from the economic growth. This is due to the fact that if an economy is financially sound then its economy is also developed. Association between Economic Growth and Macroeconomic Convergence Economic growth takes place in a country whenever the resources are utilised more efficiently (Romer, 2007). As per the neoclassical growth theories, a country converges to its steady state rate, if there exists diminishing returns from investing in the physical capitals. Poore r economies have a greater tendency to converge owning to its high marginal productivity. This process of convergence which eventually leads in the equalisation of the per capita incomes amongst the countries is called absolute convergence. If for a country the convergence takes place both in terms of growth rate as well as income levels than the process becomes beta convergence. According to the idea of club convergence, if countries have similar initial conditions then they have a tendency to converge. This concept is regarded as sigma convergence. It is also emphasised that if the countries vary in their initial conditions then they will not converge, this could however be overcome if the economic policies could eliminate the variations. Solow growth model emphasise that such variations in a country’s economic policy cannot lead to long run economic growth (Romer, P, 2007). As the scatter plot alongside shows, the association between average annual growth rate and real GDP per capita need not be associated similarly for all nations, even though they are featured by similar initial characteristics. A country’s economic growth is measured by its level of technological progress. According to the endogenous growth theory, creation of enlarged market in an economy leads to a better utilisation of economies of scale. This on the other hand has a positive impact on a

Friday Night Lights: Movie vs Book

Friday Night Lights: Movie vs Book High School Football. Those lights become an addiction if you live in a place like Odessa, the Friday Night fix. (Bissinger,14) Racism, controversy, and pride. Permian High School in the west Texas oil town of Odessa, Texas. Small town, deep South, USA. Author H. G. Buzz Bissingers brilliant study of the 1988 football team set in this beautiful Texas town grew into a socially motivated novel entitled Friday Night Lights. While researching small town Texas football for his novel Friday Night Lights, H. G. Bissinger took a leave from the Philadelphia Inquirer and moved his family to Odessa. His motivation was to experience firsthand the Permian Panthers and become a part of their environment. He is at heart a journalist and comes to Odessa to report on a town and a team and their failures and successes. In the end, unlike a novelist, he must report the truth as he sees it unfold before him. What he reports is not pretty- The American version of the Berlin Wall (Bissinger, 89) but at the same time, it is moving when he shows us what the future holds for many of these players after their high school football careers are over. His viewpoint shown in the novel gave the world an Eastern perspective on a deep Southern tradition -Life really wouldnt be worth livin if you didnt have a high school football team to support. (Bissinger, 20), and though this did not settle well with many of the readers from the So uth, his novel grew to become the focus of a movie some label as the best sports movie ever made. Bissinger serves as the narrator who expresses his first-hand experiences with the Permian Panthers during the 1988 football season. As an outsider new to the town and legacy of Permian football, Bissingers goal is mainly to understand the events and the emotions brought about by a painful season. Bissingers careful attention to even the organizational structure of the book shows his attention to detail and his dedication to his mission. The author begins with a preface explaining his motivation for moving to Odessa, Texas and follows with a Prologue placing the reader at the conclusion of a complicated season that ended with a devastating loss to Permians arch rival, Midland Lee. The story then uses flashback, a literary technique which takes the reader back in time and shows material that happened prior to the present event, providing the reader with insight into a characters motivation. Bissinger divided his story into four sections: Pre-Season, The Season, Push for the Playoffs, and Post Season. This highlights the fact that the young men of Odessa and their lives are shaped by football. The reader can even see a metaphorical comparison between the division of the book and the divisions of the lives of the characters in the book. The Pre-Season section, relatively small, seems to assume that life outside of football gets very little respect and perhaps plays only a small role in the development of the player. The majority of the chapters are in the section The Season, which compares to the teenage years of the football players and the shaping of their lives by their performance in the season. Bissinger ends the story predictably with the devastating loss to Carter High School; a team that the Permian players believe does not deserve to win. The chapter titles used by Bissinger exemplify the focus on racial tension, and further give the reader a true sense of the ongoing conflict. The Table of Contents is covered with conflicting statements such as, Black and White, East Versus West, Civil War and Heads or Tails. Bissinger uses the chapter titles to underline the difficulties and the hardships brought about by the ever-present hatred of racism. Bissinger names two of the chapters after student-athletes, and ironically, both are black. Both Boobie Miles and Ivory Christian are as well respected as their white counterparts on the football field. Attitudes change, however, when the players walk off the field. Boobie Miles is one of the main characters, and gets the most attention throughout the book. Football is all Boobie has in his life. He lacks the academic skills he needs to get a college education without the sport- While other students casually worked to complete the worksheet, Boobie ate some candy and left blank the entire second page (Bissenger, 136). His whole life totally changes when he twists his knee playing football. One small move signals the end of his dream and ultimately, his future. This event can be a metaphor for life. It shows the reader that individuals are not in control of their destiny. In contrast, Ivory is ruled by his nonchalant attitude toward football. Ivory loves the sport, but hates the pressure that comes along with it. Deeply religious, he considers being a preacher until he is contacted by a recruiter. After graduation, Ivory is the only player awarded a football scholarship. This character seems to reinforce the idea that, no matter how hard they try, the blacks of this community are unable to escape their designated role as football star- nothing more. Only by moving from the community and maturing is Ivory able to separate himself from the expectations of others and move forward to make the life he desires. It took almost fourteen years for the printed version to make it to Hollywood. Written and directed by Peter Berg, the screenplay was finally made into a movie. The movie tackles many of most controversial subjects- racism, failure, and hypocrisy. It seems that at every ugly truth, however, the movie backs away, and shifts the focus to an event that is easier to watch. Many strategies were used to make the books switch to a movie realistic. The first and most apparent attempt at truth was the costuming. The uniforms worn by the football team are setting appropriate, and clearly not as hi-tech as the uniforms of today. Some of the film was actually filmed in Odessa, which adds to the authenticity of the movie. The close-up action shots of players hitting one another during the game capture the determination of the players as described in the novel. In the intensity, in the pressure, in the way these kids are, it really captures the great phenomenon of Friday Night Lights. The very special, wonderful phenomenon of American football. (Bissinger) As can be expected, there are differences between the movie and novel. The language is filtered. Key words- such as racial slurs- disappear in an attempt to tone down the offensive racial tension. Key events are changed around quite a bit. In the book and based on actual events, Boobies injury in the scrimmage game led to him quitting the team, much to the disdain of the coaches. In the movie, Boobie on crutches meets the team bus to ride with his teammates to the state finals- a state-finals that really never occurred because of the big loss in the semi-finals. By portraying the characters and their actions differently, and making a hero of an undeserving player, the movie implies a unity that truly didnt exist simply for dramatic effect It is true that facts can be changed as long as the filmmakers carefully preserve those that are critical to the story. Invented moments are created in order to attract viewers. It is the distortion of attitude that becomes an issue. The book was very socially-oriented, and focused primarily on racial issues and displaced educational priorities. While the film touches on these issues, it is not the focal point of the movie. Perhaps the greatest request for the film maker is to make the movie what it pretends to be-authentic, genuine and true. His stretch from the truth loses the heart of the book. While the reader can accept modification and even dilution in some areas, the focal point cannot be minimized. In the book, Bissinger was after the truth. In the movie, Berg was focused on entertainment. Great talent and dedication to truth are required to combine authenticity with entertainment. Friday Night Lights is a feel-good movie- completely enjoyable and fun to watch- but its not re al. What are solar cells in physics? What are solar cells in physics? What are Solar Cells? Solar cells are devices that work on the principle of Photovoltaic Effect. These tiny compact devices convert solar light energy directly into electricity. In Greek, Photo-means light whereas voltaic means electrical current or electricity (light-electricity). Since, a solar cell gives out direct current (DC) electricity; it could be used for various purposes such as to power DC motors and to light bulbs. They also can be used to charge rechargeable batteries which could store electricity and could be used later in the absence of sun. Once the batteries are completely charged they could be used anywhere at any time especially in places where electricity isnt reachable or in case of emergency backup. How does it Work? Solar cells or Photovoltaic cells are made up of special materials called semi-conductors such as silicon, which are most commonly used. When light falls on the cell, a certain amount of the light is absorbed within the semi-conductor material. The energy absorbed from the light is transferred to the semiconductor which helps knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow freely. PV cells have one or more electric field that force electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction and this flow of electrons is called current. Metal contacts are placed on the top and bottom of the PV cell, which draw current off for external use, for example to power a watch or a calculator. This current, along with the cells voltage gives power (wattage) that the solar cell can produce. As we see from the diagram there are three important layers for energy conversion in the solar cell.The first one is the top junction layer (made of N-type semi-conductors).The second layer is the core of the device which is the absorber layer (P-N junction).The last of the conversion layers is a black junction layer (made of P-type semi-conductor). As we can also see from the diagram, that there are two additional layer in the solar cell. These are the electrical contact layers. These two layers allow electric current to flow out of and into the cell. On the top of the cell, from where light enters the electrical contact layer is present in a grid pattern is usually made of a very good conductor such as a metal. The grid pattern are mostly widely spaced so as to allow light to enter the solar cell, but just enough so that the electrical contact layer wont have difficult collecting current produced by the cell. To sum up a typical solar cell which is multi-layered would consist: Cover Glass- provides outer protection ( made from clear glass layer) Anti-reflective Coating- prevents the entered light from escaping and bouncing off so that max. energy is absorbed. Front Contact- transmits electric current. N-Type Semiconductor Layer- thin layer of silicon which has been doped with phosphorous. P-Type Semiconductor Layer- thin layer of silicon which has been doped with boron. Back Contact- transmits electric current. Characteristics of a Solar Cell Usable voltage from solar cells depends on the type of semi-conductor material like in Silicon it approximates only up to 0.5 V. The terminal voltage is somewhat dependent on light, while current intensity increases with higher luminosity. For example, a 100 cm ² Silicon cell can reach up to a max. current intensity of 2 A approx. radiated by 1000 W/m ². The output of a solar cell depends on the temperature. Higher the cell temperature, lower the output which implies to lower efficiency. The level of efficiency tells us how much amount of radiated light is converted into useable electrical energy. Types of Solar Cells Monocrystalline Silicon- made up of single layer of silicon for the semi-conductor. Extremely pure and most expensive type of solar cell to produce. Polycrystalline Silicon- made by pouring liquid silicon into blocks which are later on sawed into plates. This sometimes degrades the silicon crystals making them less efficient. But, this type approach is easier and cheap to manufacture. Amorphous Thin Film Silicon- made up of layers of semi-conductors that are only a few micrometers thick.This makes it lower the material cost but also makes it less efficient than other types of silicon. Since, its so thin it is used in wide variety of flexible material like solar shingles or roof tiles All of them follow the same principle, but some are more efficient than the other while some are cheaper. Uses Application Scientific research Aerospace Industry: Civilian aircraft, satellites experimental rovers telescopes Home Appliances- Water heaters air conditioners, water distillers Solar cells are also being used for electricity storage and emergency backup, especially in far off remote places or rural areas in some parts of the world and also where its difficult for electricity to reach like in space.

Bless Me Ultima: The Growing Up Of A Young Boy Essay -- Bless Ultima E

Bless me Ultima: The Growing up of a Young Boy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the book Bless me Ultima, Tony, the young main character in the story, lost his innocence when exposed to the harsh world since he learned what life is really like. Ultima is a good witch who tries to guide Tony by teaching him morals and lessons. Narsico is percieved as the town drunk, but is a good person. Tenorio is the demon in this story, as he wants to destroy Ultima. This book is about Tony's experience in adjusting to the rough world at a relatively young age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Narsico's death with Tenorio's desire to kill Tony made him realize his limitations and acknowledge the reality. Before these incidents, Tony imagined he could control incidents that happened in real life. He thought he could effect events in life in a posotive way. After these events and experiences with people, Tony realizes that good people get bad things. When Tony was playing a game with his peers in which he was the priest, he forgave his freind, Florence, for his sins, even though he stood up to all his peers to do so. When Tony ran 10 miles home to warn Ultima, a kind whitch about Tenorio, whose desire is to destroy her spirit, he realized he or Ultima could both be exterminated. During the run, Tony thought of the future, which he hardly thought of before this event. Almost every child Tony's age was preoccupied with activities, such as playing and horsing around, and certainly not thinking what the future could...

Essay Written Com

Cigarette Smoking and Its Health Risks. Why do I need to know about the health risks of cigarette smoking? Cigarette smoking is the most preventable cause of illness and death. Cigarettes are filled with nicotine, which acts like a poison in your body. What are the health risks of cigarette smoking? You may have breathing problems that make it difficult for you to do daily activities or play sports. You have a higher risk of bone fractures because smoking can cause osteoporosis (brittle bones). If you fall asleep with a lit cigarette, you can start a fire.Cigarette smoking can also cause the following health problems: Cancer: Smoking increases your risk of many kinds of cancer. The most common cancers are lung, lip, mouth, or throat cancer. Heart and blood vessel disease: The nicotine in tobacco causes an increase in your heart rate and blood pressure. Nicotine also causes your blood vessels to narrow. This can lead to blood clots in your heart or brain and caused a heart attack or s troke. Cigarette smoke has carbon monoxide in it. This can decrease the amount of oxygen flowing to your heart and other organs.Lung disease: The chemicals in cigarette smoke can damage your lungs. This causes a buildup of dirt and waste products in your lungs. Many people who smoke have a long-term cough as a result. Cigarette smoking may also cause long-term lung infections or diseases, such as asthma, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis. You are also at higher risk for respiratory illnesses, such as colds or pneumonia. Gastrointestinal disease: Cigarette smoking increases the amount of acid in your stomach. This can cause an ulcer or gastric reflux.Women and smoking: You have a higher risk of heart and blood vessel disease if you smoke and take birth control pills. The risk is more serious is you are 35 years or older. You may have a harder time getting pregnant if you smoke. If you are pregnant and smoke, you have a higher risk of miscarriage or having a stillborn baby. Babies born to mothers who smoke often weigh less and are at higher risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Why should I quit smoking? Your health will improve and your risks for many diseases will decrease. Your breath, clothes, and hair will no longer smell like smoke.Tobacco will no longer stain your teeth. Tobacco smoke is dangerous to others. If you quit, you will decrease the risks to those around you, such as your children or family members. Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking Health Effects Fact Sheets Overview Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body. Smoking causes many diseases and reduces the health of smokers in general. Smoking and Death Smoking causes death. †¢ The adverse health effects from cigarette smoking account for an estimated 443,000 deaths, or nearly one of every five deaths, each year in the United States. ,3 †¢ More deaths are caused each year by tobacco use than by all deaths from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries, suicides, and murders combined. 2,4 †¢ Smoking causes an estimated 90% of all lung cancer deaths in men and 80% of all lung cancer deaths in women. 1 †¢ An estimated 90% of all deaths from chronic obstructive lung disease are caused by smoking. 1 Smoking and Increased Health Risks Compared with nonsmokers, smoking is estimated to increase the risk of †¢ coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times, †¢ stroke by 2 to 4 times, men developing lung cancer by 23 times, †¢ Women developing lung cancer by 13 times, and dying from chronic obstructive lung diseases (such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema) by 12 to 13 times. Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease †¢ Smoking causes coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. 1 †¢ Cigarette smoking causes reduced circulation by narrowing the blood vessels (arteries) and puts smokers at risk of developing peripheral vascular disease (i. e. , obstruction of the large arteries in the arms and legs that can cause a range of problems from pain to tissue loss or gangrene). Smoking causes abdominal aortic aneurysm (i. e. , a swelling or weakening of the main artery of the body—the aorta—where it runs through the abdomen). 1 Smoking and Respiratory Disease †¢ Smoking causes lung cancer. †¢ Smoking causes lung diseases (e. g. , emphysema, bronchitis, chronic airway obstruction) by damaging the airways and alveoli (i. e. , small air sacs) of the lungs. Smoking and Cancer Smoking causes the following cancers: †¢ Acute myeloid leukemia †¢ Bladder cancer †¢ Cancer of the cervix †¢ Cancer of the esophagus †¢ Kidney cancer †¢ Cancer of the larynx (voice box) †¢ Lung cancer Cancer of the oral cavity (mouth) †¢ Pancreatic cancer †¢ Cancer of the pharynx (throat) †¢ Stomach cancer Smoking and Other Health Effects Smoking has many adverse reproductive and early childhood effects, including increased risk for— †¢ infertility, †¢ preterm delivery, †¢ stillbirth, †¢ low birth weight, and †¢ Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). †¢ Smoking is associated with the following adverse health effects: †¢ Postmenopausal women who smoke have lower bone density than women who never smoked. †¢ Women who smoke have an increased risk for hip fracture than women who never smoked.Smoking and Others (Passive Smoking)If you smoke, one good reason to give up smoking is to benefit those who live and work with you. If you cannot give up, you should make every effort to keep cigarette smoke away from other people. On this page †¢ How does smoking affect other people? †¢ Some statistics †¢ How can I stop smoking? †¢ Further help and information †¢ References How does smoking affect other people? †¢ Children and babies who live in a home where there is a smoker: o Are more prone to asthma, and ear, nose and chest infe ctions. o Have an increased risk of dying from cot death (sudden infant death syndrome). Are more likely than average to become smokers themselves when older. o On average, do less well at reading and reasoning skills compared to children in smoke-free homes, even at low levels of smoke exposure. o Are at increased risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer as adults. †¢ Passive smoking of adults. You have an increased risk of lung cancer and heart disease if you are exposed to other people smoking for long periods of time. For example, the risk of developing lung cancer is increased by about 20-30% in people who are regularly exposed to other people's cigarette smoke.Cigarette smoke is also an irritant, and can make asthma and other conditions worse. †¢ Unborn babies. Smoking when you are pregnant can harm your unborn baby. See separate leaflet called Pregnancy and Smoking for details. Some statistics the overall health impact of passive smoking i s large. Although the health risks from passive smoking are small for the individual in comparison with the health risks from active smoking, the public health consequences of passive smoking are high due to the large numbers of people exposed.For example, passive smoking by people living with smokers in the UK increases the risk of death from coronary heart disease by 50-60%. It is estimated to cause around 2,700 deaths per year in people aged 20-64, and a further 8,000 deaths per year among people aged 65 or older. It is estimated that children breathing in other people's cigarette smoke resulted in 300,000 GP visits and 9,500 hospital admissions in 2011 in the UK. Up to five million children are thought to be regularly exposed to secondhand smoke in the home. The results of a survey on children’s views on smoking ere published on the Department of Health's website. The survey revealed that children want smoke-free lives. The survey found that: †¢ 98% of children wish their parents would stop smoking. †¢ 82% of children wish their parents wouldn't smoke in front of them at home. †¢ 78% of children wished their parents wouldn't smoke in front of them in the car. †¢ 41% of children said cigarette smoke made them feel ill. †¢ 42% of children said cigarette smoke made them cough. How can I stop smoking? Compare About 2 in 3 smokers want to stop smoking. Some people can give up easily.Willpower and determination are the most important aspects when giving up smoking. However, nicotine is a drug of addiction and many people find giving up a struggle. Help is available. GPs, practice nurses, or pharmacists can provide information, encouragement, and tips on stopping smoking. Also, throughout the country there are specialist NHS Stop Smoking Clinics which have a good success record in helping people to stop smoking. Your doctor may refer you to one if you are keen to stop smoking. Various medicines can increase your chance of quitting. These include nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) which comes as gums, sprays, patches, tablets, lozenges, and inhalers. You can buy NRT without a prescription. Also, medicines called bupropion (trade name Zyban ®) and varenicline (trade name Champix ®) can help. These are available on prescription. See separate leaflets called Nicotine Replacement Therapy, Bupropion (Zyban ®) and Varenicline (Champix ®). Costa Rica's Anti-Smoking Law As Strange As Aliens. The newly passed anti-smoking law is as strange as aliens, because everyone knows about them but nobody takes the subject as an absolute truth.Neither is too surprising, for many the law is nothing more than a continuing joke the government plays on its people. For without a doubt, even with the law in place, in Costa Rica â€Å"the smoker continues to be king†, for even the law cannot respond to the call, as the government has been unable to properly inform the public and the institutions responsible to ensure compl iance. All the information out there right now is mostly by word of mouth, passed on from one person to another and not necessarily the correctRoberto Castro, of the Direccion de Vigilancia del Ministerio deSalud (Surveillance Directorate of the Ministry of Health) recently said that the Fuerza Publica (polilce) is empowered to issue fines of ? 36. 060 colones to anyone disrespecting the law. But, where is the fine paid? For his part, the director of the Fuerza Publica (chief of the nation's police force) said that they will wait until the regulations to comply with the law. The regulations are expected within the next 90 days, but many doubt that they will be ready, as legislators pass a law and the government is not ready for its enactment. Again.Just as with the introduction of the tax on corporations that went into effect on January 1, but not payable until April, again, because because the government was caught with its pants down. some place, like medical centres and schools h ave already banned smoking and have set out their regulations for its enforcement. In some places like elevators, trains, ATM's, restaurants, cafes, bars and shopping centres, among others smoking is banned. Again, a private initiative which is reinforced with the passing of the anti-smoking law, but without the teeth to bite the smoker who persists.With the law in effect anyone can now demand that law be respected. Customers can complain to the manager of a restaurant, shoppers can call on the mall management and employee on the boss, for example, to have the smoker butt out. But, in reality, how is the complaint handled and who has the authority to ask the smoker to quit? In an effort to simplify the process, ideally the Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Salud) should provide a phone number to either take the complaint or at least to provide information on how to deal with the situation. However, Costa Rica is a country where all that is simple is made difficult.Knowing Costa Rica ns there is sure to follow many complaints and without a doubt one or more challenges to the Constitutional Court, smokers allege to be a â€Å"target†. In an ideal Costa Rica, smokers should just quit smoking in public spaces. And if they really care for their health, quit smoking altogether. Thrombosis, hypertension, cancer of the esophagus and pancreas, tachycardia, emphysema, lung cancer and bronchitis are just some of the many ills caused by tobacco smoking. Hopefully the ? 20 colones tax on each and ever cigarette sold will hurt the smoker where it hurts the most, their pocketbook.Or at the very least fund programs to help patients with cancer and prevention campaigns. This is a time for the current administration to really show that it can tie up its pants and act in the best interest of the public by applying the law and get rid of an epidemic in which only a few get rich and benefit from the death of others. The government has a great opportunity here to show that it can act and quickly by introducing the regulations way ahead of the three months set out in the legislation, introduce concise guidelines and make the public aware of the law and its cost for not respecting it.Costa rica? s law The number of countries  with anti-smoking laws is growing, and Costa Rica might soon join the ranks. Lawmakers are debating a bill that would ban smoking in some public places and raise the tax on cigarettes. Costa Rica has been trying to pass the ban since 2008, but the bill has couldn't get through the legislature. If it finally passes, Costa Rica won't be alone among Latin American countries with anti-smoking laws. Of course, just because laws are on the books, doesn't mean everyone is snuffing out their smokes.Some 14. 2 percent of Costa Ricans smoke, most between ages 20 and 39, according to the Costa Rican Social Security System. Casual smokers proliferate in the country’s nightlife. But that could change soon. Lawmakers last week passed a bi ll that will ban smoking in all public spaces, including bus and taxi stops, public buildings, restaurants and bars. The legislation goes further: It prohibits the sale of individual cigarettes; adds a 4-cent tax per cigarette, bumping up the price of most 20-cigarette packs from around $2 to $2. 0; bans cigarette advertising; and mandates that most of the box must carry graphic or textual health warnings. The bill will be reviewed by the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court before it can get the president’s signature and go into law. Costa Rica is considered a progressive country on health and environment policies, but it’s been slow to reform its lax smoking rules. If the court gives the green light, Costa Rica will become the 10th Latin American country to enact a law following guidelines set by the World Health Organization for 100 percent smoke-free public spaces.The legislation is expected to take effect in mid-summer, giving businesses and government some time to adjust. Residents too will have time to cope. â€Å"Every person who comes to a bar here, they smoke and they drink, wherever they go,† Sanchez, 22, said. â€Å"I think it’s a law that’s very stupid. †Aleman, 20, said she’s pleased that inconsiderate smokers will be stopped from carelessly blowing smoke into someone’s face. Still, she sees the law as too strict, since bars cannot maintain a smoking section. But if there’s no area or smokers, she always could walk outside to smoke? Or: â€Å"I’ll smoke less,† Aleman said. â€Å"Go outside to smoke — why bother? It could be raining and freezing outside. That would be the worst. †Her statement typifies why 100 percent smoke-free policies have been successful in other countries. Research shows businesses don’t fold or lose huge profits over a loss of cigarette-smoking clientele. The places simply get cleaner. The most desperate effort to rid Cos ta Rica of ineffective smoking laws started almost four years ago.Lawmakers helped teach doctors in the National Anti-Tobacco Network how to be politicians. The doctors, in turn, negotiated behind the scenes with lawmakers presenting the grimmest of facts and telling them â€Å"this is how the tobacco industry manipulates the truth. † The Social Security System (Caja) conducted a poll showing 93 percent of Costa Ricans supported laws for a smoke-free public. The momentum did little to dull the influence of the tobacco industry lobby that had dictated smoking policies in the country since the 1980s.Only on Monday, long after lawmakers who spearheaded the movement reached their term limits and exited office, did a toughened anti-smoking bill pass the Legislative Assembly. Advocates garnered enough support in the assembly to pass – in a 46-2 vote – a comprehensive anti-tobacco bill on Monday, winning at last an uphill struggle. â€Å"We have demonstrated to the to bacco companies that we are not too small and so weak like they believed we were,† said Teresita Arrieta, of the Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Institute (IAFA). The bill bans smoking in places such as bars, restaurants, public buildings, bus stops and taxi stands.Individual cigarettes will be taxed an extra ? 20 (4 cents). The bill requires cigarette packs to display text and photo warnings on at least 50 percent of the box. The legislation strengthens some of the weakest tobacco-use laws in Latin America. One question in particular lingers in the minds of skeptics. Can the law be enforced? The bill still awaits the signature of President Laura Chinchilla, and then must be published in the official government newspaper La Gaceta before the rules become official. From there, a 90-day adjustment period begins before fines go into effect.Many expect the law’s publication will come around March 15, meaning the day cigarettes must be extinguished from public spaces would be in m id-June. In that time, lawmakers and health officials will determine the reglamentos, or regulations, that define how the law will be implemented. Health Vice Minister Sisy Castillo, who was a major force in pushing the bill through, displayed confidence that the country can create rules that establishments and people   will not have trouble following. â€Å"We are already working on the [reglamentos],† Castillo said. We are far along with these regulations in regards to law enforcement. †Ã‚  She said the Health Ministry has met with members of the National Police and Chief Prosecutor’s Office to discuss how to handle those caught violating the law, and the best way to supervise bars and other localities where smoking will be banned. Castillo emphasized to The Tico Times that the reglamentos will address foreigners, including tourists, who disobey the smoking law. Large percentages of the cigarette taxes will be earmarked toward treating tobacco-related illness es and funding programs that assist people in quitting smoking.In 2010, the Caja spent nearly $146 million on health expenses tied to smoking and tobacco-related illnesses. Tobacco plays a large role in cardiovascular illnesses, one of the country’s leading causes of death. Almost 15 percent of the country smokes, according to a Caja survey. Those caught smoking in a prohibited area can face a fine of ? 36,060 ($70). Producers, sellers and advertisers not following the regulations can be hit with a fine of ? 3. 6 million ($7,022). The penalty for selling single cigarettes, packs with fewer than 20 cigarettes or tobacco products to minors would be ? 80,000 ($351). The government will have the power to close businesses with outstanding fines. As the law moves closer to enactment, advocates expect to parry lawsuits taken up on behalf of the tobacco industry and the Costa Rican Chamber of Restaurants and Affiliates – a longtime mouthpiece of tobacco companies that oversees bars and nightclubs. Carmen Granados, a Citizen Action Party lawmaker, believes the country has taken the necessary steps to prevent legal action by tobacco companies from succeeding.She worked on a committee headed by Rita Chaves of the Access Without Exclusion Party to construct the current version of the bill. When the original bill was written, draftees invited experts to vet every aspect of   it, even bringing in legal advisers from the U. S. ’s George Washington University, in Washington, D. C. , to observe the proposal. Moreover, the bill follows standards set by the World Health Organization, and has been adopted in nine other Latin American countries, including Brazil, which became the largest country in the world to put into practice such measures, in December. We should not fear lawsuits, because if we did a good job, then this law will be unaffected,† Granados said. â€Å"Yes, tobacco companies are going to try to go after the law †¦ but it’s shielded so nobody will touch it. †Lawmakers opposed to the bill attempted to halt its passage Monday. The passage came in spite of a challenge by 10 lawmakers to send the bill to the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court (Sala IV) to review the constitutionality of the reforms. The Legislative Assembly did not receive a notification from the Sala IV in time to prevent the vote.Granados said tobacco manufacturers still can challenge specific articles in court, and the Sala IV can decide whether to review the suits. Tabacalera Costarricense, an affiliate of Philip Morris International, has stated the law could result in an increase in contraband cigarettes in Costa Rica due to the cigarette tax increase. A lawsuit is expected about that issue. Anti-tobacco advocates in Costa Rica dismiss the argument about a flourishing cigarette black market, saying research shows that it is simply untrue. Studies also show that in countries with similar reforms, business rarely, if eve r, suffers as a result of the ban.IAFA’s Smoke-Free Spaces Program created plenty of tobacco-free settings in sports arenas, restaurants and malls before the law’s adoption. Arrieta, who heads the program, believes the difficulty of transitioning from a country where smoking is accepted to one that prohibits it has been exaggerated. This law is designed to protect public health and does not infringe on individual rights, since a person does not have the privilege to endanger the health of another, Arrieta said. She already has seen it work in Costa Rica’s notoriously hazy bars.She visited a place called Blue Moon in Cartago, east of San Jose. Smokers took cigarette breaks outside. The inside was packed with clients. Blue Moon manager Michael Mattey said the bar opened in July and remains successful, an image of how other bars might thrive in a Costa Rica free of smoking. â€Å"It seems all the people who come like it for the same reason, because they donâ€℠¢t smoke,† Mattey said. â€Å"But people who smoke come too, and they also seem to like it. Who knew? : The adverse health effects from cigarette smoking account for an estimated 443,000 deaths each year in the United States